Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Human Metabolome - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1145 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? The negative effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity and performance in cognitive tasks have been studied for generations. However, loss of sleep also has a significant impact on the manifestation of various diseases and metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes) and cardiovascular disease. This is why for this assignment I have picked a paper that focuses on the effect of acute sleep deprivation on metabolomic profiles of patients (Davies et. al. 2014). The study used untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography (LC)/MS metabolomics to examine the effect of acute sleep deprivation on plasma metabolite rhythms. Characterization of plasma metabolites has revealed that lipid and acylcarnitine levels were significantly increased during acute sleep deprivation. Overall, 27 metabolites (tryptophan, serotonin, taurine, 8 acylcarnitines, 13 glycerophospholipids, and 3 sphingolipids) were increased after 24 hours of wakefulness. The levels of all metabolites changed during the 24 h wake/sleep cycle and clear daily rhythms were observed in most cases. Moreover, these rhythms were less apparent after 24 hours of wakefulness, which speaks to the significance of sleep for metabolic processes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Human Metabolome" essay for you Create order The significance of this study is enhanced by the fact that this is the first study focused on characterization of the 24 h rhythms of metabolic processes during the wake/sleep cycle and the changes occuring during the wakefulness period. There have been previous studies which used transcriptomic data to show that rhythmic gene expression may be affected by sleep deprivation or sleep restriction. However, metabolic profiling studies are best used for the purpose of characterising changes in specific molecular phenotypes associated with sleep deprivation (rather than inferring the changes in the metabolome from the transcriptome). Participants For the purpose of this study, twelve healthy young males were selected and monitored in carefully controlled laboratory conditions. The controlled variables included environmental light, sleep, meals, and posture during a 24-h wake/sleep cycle, followed by 24 h of wakefulness. Method The present study uses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to ascertain the concentrations of plasma metabolites and link the changes in these concentration to the wake/sleep cycle rhythms. As suggested in the name, LC-MS combines the physical separation of molecules using liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). The coupling of the two technologies provides higher accuracy in identification of structural identity of the individual components with high molecular specificity and detection sensitivity. In the first step (liquid chromatography) solubilized compounds are passed through a column packed with a stationary phase. The needed molecules in the mobile phase (which have the affinity for the stationary phase) get stuck on the solid stationary phase, while other molecules pass through the column freely. This effectively separates out the needed compounds based on their weight and affinity. LC is usually used the separate large non-volatile molecules such as proteins. However, the accuracy of this separation is not high enough for some purposes (for example for identifying isomers). This is where the next step, mass spectrometry, comes in. The sample passes into the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. In simple terms, a mass spectrum measures the masses of molecules within a sample. Mass spectrometry allows to provide structural identity the the individual components of the product that has already been filtered using LC. There is also a modification of LC, which is called HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The idea behind this method is using a higher pressure ranging from 50-350 bar to separate out the molecules. Findings An unexpected result of this study is that in comparison with the number of ions and metabolites showing time-of-day rhythms (basically significant changes in expression of these metabolites during the day), fewer ions/metabolites were significantly changed when comparing the normal wake/sleep cycle to the 24 h during sleep deprivation (only 27 metabolites out of 171 were significantly different between the sleep and sleep-deprivation periods). All of these metabolites were increased during the sleep deprivation phase of the experiment, so it is possible that sleep has an inhibitory effect on synthesis of these metabolites. One of the metabolites which has shown increased levels after a 24 h wakefulness period is serotonin. This is an important finding because serotonin is known to be involved in both sleep cycle regulation and depression. Low levels of serotonin and reduced serotonergic neurotransmission are strongly associated with major depressive disorder, so if sleep deprivation over a short period of time (24 h) has shown to increase serotonin levels, this might provide a new avenue of clinical research. The amino acid tryptophan, which is vital for the formation of serotonin and melatonin, has shown significantly increased levels during acute sleep deprivation. This is in line with previous studies, which have indicated that tryptophan is an effective cure for major depressive disorder. It may be possible that the antidepressive effect of acute sleep deprivation is linked to the increased circulating levels of tryptophan, serotonin, taurine, and melatonin, and this subject deserves further investigation. Limitations The protocol described in the study allows identification of only metabolites that show increase or decrease in levels after a short period of time (less than 24 h) and do not show the changes in levels which occur over longer periods of sleep deprivation (longer than 24 h) or during repeated sleep deprivation (chronic partial sleep deprivation). Future applications Sleep deprivation has been previously shown to have an antidepressant effect. In line with this, the authors observed increased levels if serotonin, tryptophan and taurine after 24 hours of wakefulness. Therefore, the results of this study may have potential application in diagnostics and treatment of major depressive disorder, and perhaps even a series of related conditions, such as depressive disorders (seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, postpartum depression). In general, the metabolomics approach presented in the paper is a step toward understanding the metabolic pathways involved in regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Determination of the impact of factors such as sleep on the metabolome could lead to future metabolic profiling-based studies aimed at identification of biomarkers of disease and drug effects. Conclusion The study has presented a n implementation of a method for identification of plasma metabolites that were significantly altered during acute sleep deprivation. It has been shown that 27 metabolites (mainly lipids and acylcarnitines, serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine) were increased during sleep deprivation. This study has provided me with some insight into why I might be able to not sleep for short periods of time, such as a 24h period investigated in the study. I myself do not know anyone who tried treatment of major depressive disorder using sleep deprivation, and the fact the people I do know that have it have told me that during the acute phase of MDD they tend to fall asleep for long periods of time and in generally sleep no less than 12 hours. It may be possible that this is in fact directly link to the cause for their disorder, and it is possible that the method suggested in this paper would help them.

qualitative and quantitative research methods - 1823 Words

Psychological Research Methods: Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the underlying epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. It will address the different epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and aim to give you a brief overview of the two main research methods underlying scientific knowledge. Qualitative research is often only defined in contrast to Quantitative research; That is, it does not involve statistics, nor does it depend on the level of objectivity that characterises the†¦show more content†¦Ponterotto (2005) further states that the aim of quantitative research is the prediction, and control of variables that can be expressed as mathematical formulas to determine functional relationships. These differing ontological approaches bring to pass differing methodological approaches. Methodology refers to the processes and procedures of the research. Research methods used include observation, interviews, focus groups, surveys, case studies, questionnaires and analysis of text (Ponterotto, 2005, p.132). Observational research is non-experimental research where a researcher observes ongoing behaviour. It can be unstructured, semi-structured, structured, participant or non-participant (Wellington Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). Some limitations to this type of research are language and cultural barriers as well as the risk of observer bias, with one of the advantages being that the researcher gains access to information they normally wouldn’t have. Observation is typically used in qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research prior to designing questionnaires (Wellington Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). As with observation, interviews and focus groups can be structured, semi-structured and unstructured, and can use photographs, notes, videos and tape recordings to improve data quality. Interviewing allows the researcher to guide andShow MoreRelatedQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analyses characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical measurements. Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and methods, such as frequency, quality, amountRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods1285 Wor ds   |  6 Pages Qualitative and Quantitative Research Ravi Teja Mora Dr. Jimi Peters Research Methods Stratford University â€Æ' Qualitative and Quantitative Research Introduction There has been a widespread of debate in recent years regarding the quantitative and qualitative research methods, wether one or the other has to be emerged as superior. Although there have been so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitative researchRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals are confused about or not aware of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Some think those terms can be used interchangeably. Describe the key features (up to 5) that distinguish quantitative research from qualitative research. Provide examples to demonstrate your main points. Firstly, qualitative and quantitative research methods are used for different purposes. Quantitative methods try to explain and make predictions, confirm and validate an existingRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pages3.2 Research Methods â€Å"Quantitative and Qualitative† were the two principal approaches in psychological research currently (Bavelas, 1998). Quantitative research is concerned with applying statistical approaches to test hypotheses. Statistical methods are to consider as the analysis of data, it normally concerned with â€Å"probabilistic model† as a background. (Sibson, 1999), the prominent characteristic of probabilistic model is as the analysis of data was collected, which is considered about â€Å"mean,Read MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods1694 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will outline quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide illustrations in the context of some social issues, which will hopefully offer insight into how each method is properly applied. Social issues around the world are very broad and diverse. They are usually made up of issues or concerns which directly or indirectly affect a person or a certain group of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies or both and are related to moral values, thereforeRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods871 Words   |  4 Pagessociology, researchers can use a different range of research methods to acquire new data. The various forms of research methods include surveys, ethnomethodology, experiments and documentary research. A common distinction is often made in sociology between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods intend to measure social phenomena by using mathematical methods and statistical analysis. On the other hand, qualitative methods mean to collect rich, detailed data, allowing forRead MoreResearch On Quantitative And Qualitative Methods2146 Words   |  9 Pages Regina Merriweather 5/19/2016 Question #1- Research (Program Outcomes 3 and 5) Part A: Quantitative and qualitative methods differ from one another as to their research design elements as listed below: †¢ Research methods purposes; †¢ Types of sampling; †¢ Data collection procedures; †¢ Data analysis techniques; and †¢ Conclusions that can be drawn from data analysis. Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative methods on each of the elements listed. Please use scholarly, academicRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Methods Of Research Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Quantitative versus qualitative (Lichtman, M. 2006) It is true that most of the management in the business world go for mixed methodologies in order to attain comprehensive and accurate findings of the research. Having said that there are pros and cons of both the methods that are taken into account by the management in order to achieve set goals and overcome hindrances in the business. Qualitative method of research is a speedy process that provides fresh and inventive results with in- depth analysisRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods1039 Words   |  5 PagesThis research project followed a multipronged approach combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods. After addressing the sample size and exclusions, the second section of Part I examines the strengths and shortcomings of the qualitative research methods, including the interviews and the on-site observations of fresh evidence matters. Finally, I hope to demonstrate why it was necessary to turn to the source of the case la w to mine the raw data to sustain my working hypotheses.

Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs Free Essays

Assignment 303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 B Leaflet 1. 3 2. 1, 2. 2 3. 2, 3. 3 C Reflective account 2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5 Question Booklet Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. (8 marks) |Explanation |Example | |Diversity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inclusion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Discrimination | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (16 marks) An individual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Their families | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wider society | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those who discriminate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. (9 marks) Way of challenging |How this will promote change? | |discrimination | | |1. | | | | | | | | | | | |2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Task B Leaflet Bi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion. Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1. 2. Task C Reflective account Ci Write a reflective account describing: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words How to cite Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs, Papers

Sake Of Easiness Understanding Calculation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sake Of Easiness Understanding Calculation? Answer: Introduction Life cycle costing (LCC) is the cost associate with a project or product over the life of its use[1]. Net present value (NPV) is the estimation of some speculation over the timeframe. NPV gives data with respect to the estimation of cash after some time, so it is also called time value of money. In current case, we shall discuss the LCC NPV for buying options (financing / own cash) available for a new car. In this report we shall understand the above discussed factors using the buying options of a new car. The buying options which shall be evaluated are the loan from a reputable car financing institution and the Using own funds and shall see which option is more profitable or advisable. All the required assumptions as per the ground conditions and the latest available information are used to calculate the same. The spreadsheet attached with the report shall show the calculation in detailed. Assumptions I selected the car Hyundai Elantra (1591 CC) for my family and own use at 81,999[2] Singapore Dollar (SGD) as base rate. The total value of the car shall be shown in the spreadsheet where all other cost heads are calculated to derive at the total cost of car. There are two options of getting the finance for buying car: Option 1: using loan from reputable financial institution that provides for car, like Standard Chartered Bank which provides the lowest rate of interest at around 2.68%[3]. In this case the down payment is required to be done for obtaining the balance amount as loan from financial institution. So let the down payment be 50,000 SGD and the balance shall be taken from bank as loan. Option 2: the second portion is using the own finance and spend the money already available. The total cost which is required to be spent to buy the car shall be done in spreadsheet. The maintenance cost for the car is zero for the first year due to the policy of the company to provide free maintenance for year 1 and after that the maintenance is required to be done at own cost only and company shall not bear any cost, all the labor and material cost shall be bared by the buyer. List of costs In this section, we shall discuss regarding the expected expenditures which we are required to do for purchasing a new car in Singapore. The probable head of the cost of a car are[4] shown below: Base rate of the car: the rate which is actually being charged by the company and the cost which adds to the balance sheet of Hyundai to calculate the profit and loss sheet at the end of each cycle. The base rate as provided in the official website of a dealer for the Hyundai Elantra was 81,999 SGD. Certificate of Entitlement (COE): it is the cost of getting a license to drive the car on road for around 10 years period. It has some range of cost; the cost depends on the volume of engine or engine capacity and the horse power of the engine. For the selected car, the value is around SGD 36,000 (generally it is considered in the car rate, but in this case we shall show it as head to add more items) Road Tax: the tax given to the government for the maintenance of the roads is fixed for 10 years of tenure from the date car is purchased. The fixed rate of road tax is 7440 SGD. COE and PARF Rebate: These returns are introduced by the government to have a check on the environmental conditions and always motivate the owners to scrap the vehicle within 10 years of time to get this rebate. We shall neglect this rate for the calculation sake, as we dont know the time of usage. Auto Insurance: it is the insurance we do by transferring the risk to other third party. The risks are like death, damage, injury, theft, fire and medical cost from any probable accident. Even though the rate of car insurance depends on the present value of car and accordingly the premium of the insurance also decreases. But without getting into the reduced insurance factor, we are considering a fixed 13,000 SGD expenditure for the insurance once for next 10 years. Total on road cost: the new car Hyundai Elantra can be bought by incurring all above costs as discussed. Generally all the cost of the car on road can be calculated by adding up all the heads the base rate, COE and Insurance. The value obtained by adding the above items is 138,439 SGD. Total Car Loan Value: this head shall be applicable in case of the loan and not used in case the total finance arrangement is done by own. The bank considered for the case is Standard Chartered Bank with rate of interest 2.68%. The loan amount depends on the amount of down payment we can do by using own fund. The more we do the down payment the less will be the interest amount. So, in this case we considered the down payment is done for 50,000 SGD. Maintenance Cost: the maintenance cost is expected to be 1000 SGD from the 2nd year on wards, the policy of Hyundai is providing free maintenance for the 1st year. Sources for all items The sources from where few of the cost back-ups are developed as follows: The cost of loan from the Standard Chartered Bank @ 2.68% The rate of the car (Hyundai Elantra) is obtained for the below source: Now the, discount rate of the banks at Singapore is: Treatment of car resale The resale value of the car depends on the depreciation rate of car applicable in the country. The depreciation rate can be calculated as[5]: Annual Depreciation = (Total Cost of Hyundai Elantra Sale Value of Hyundai Elantra) / Number of Years in Service The resale value of a car in Singapore mainly depends on the make of the car, engine capacity of the car, type of vehicle, COE and the registration cost[6]. So the resale value of the car shall also take in to consideration the depreciation rate. The depreciation rate per year = (138439 SGD 0) / 10 = 13844 SGD After considering the factors affecting it, the resale value of Hyundai Elantra after 5 years shall be 1,38,439 SGD 5x13,844 = 69,219 SGD Use of NPV process The NPV (Net Present Value) is the distinction of the present estimation of the item or the thing which can get its inflow (or create income by offering it) and the present estimation of surge (considering every one of the things like support cost). The positive value of the NPV shows that the project or the product can be profitable and the negative value or the reducing value trend between the inflow and outflow means that the project is either totally on loss or it has tendency to go to loss. The basic calculation in the worksheet is based on the above NPV method. Discount rate It is the percentage of rate the central bank or the regulatory bank charges form all the banks which lend money to the loan taker. This charge is regulated by the central bank. The rate of discount in Singapore for taking any loan is 1.17%[7]. In current report also we shall use the data obtained. So, let the discount rate of the calculation shall be used as 1.17% Conclusion By considering all the above data and assumptions to buy Hyundai Elantra using the payment option of one is using the loan from bank and the other is by own funds, it can be concluded that the NPV obtained for the product life cycle is positive in both the cases. In both the cases the NPV obtained is positive, that means buying a car in Singapore is always profitable (cost of diesel, petrol, average running kilometers are not considered for the calculation). But when we compared between the two options by taking loan from bank and the other using own funds, we found that the NPV of using own fund is generating less positive figure than the by taking loan from bank. The NPV for using own fund is 327,258 SGD and the NPV of by taking loan from bank is 404,251 SGD. So, to buy Hyundai Elantra, taking loan from car financing institute is always advisable. References Catapult Ventures Pte. "Get The Best Car Loans Interest Rates for 2017 Now! ." https://www.moneysmart.sg. 2017. https://www.moneysmart.sg/car-loan (accessed September 11, 2017). DOE. "LIFE-CYCLE COST ESTIMATE." www.directives.doe.gov. 2017. https://www.directives.doe.gov/directives-documents/400-series/0430.1-EGuide-1-Chp23/@@images/file (accessed September 11, 2017). IndexMundi. "Singapore Central bank discount rate." https://www.indexmundi.com. 2016. https://www.indexmundi.com/singapore/central_bank_discount_rate.html (accessed September 11, 2017). Jan, Irfanullah. "Net Present Value (NPV)." AccountingExplained.com. 2013. https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/capital-budgeting/npv (accessed September 11, 2017). sgCarMart. "Hyundai Pricelist From Komoco Motors." https://www.sgcarmart.com. 2017. https://www.sgcarmart.com/new_cars/newcars_AD_pricelist.php?DID=14 (accessed September 11, 2017). Teh, Joe. "Singapore, use this calculator to check how much your car is worth." TechieLobang. May 22, 2014. https://techielobang.com/blog/2014/05/22/singapore-use-this-calculator-to-check-how-much-your-car-is-worth/ (accessed September 11, 2017). ValuePenguin. "Understanding How Car Value Depreciation Works in Singapore." www.valuepenguin.sg. 2017. https://www.valuepenguin.sg/understanding-car-value-depreciation-singapore (accessed September 11, 2017). Woodpecker Asia Tech PTE. "How much does a car really cost in Singapore?" www.gobear.com. 2017. https://www.gobear.com/sg/blog/how-much-does-a-car-really-cost-in-singapore (accessed September 11, 2017).