The Role of a father. A Rogerian Argument. Is a father's participation Essay

The Role of a father. A Rogerian Argument. Is a father's participation in a child's growing up more significant in a son's or in - Essay Example It is the relationship with the father that decides daughter’s confidence in her womanhood, her identity, her relationships and her self-esteem level. It won’t be wrong to say that it is the father who builds the path of success, contentment and happiness in daughter’s life as it is he, who gives her the confidence to survive strongly and with dignity in the male dominated human society. Father’s role in child development It is a typical assumption that children become well adjusted adults if they live with same sex parent as same sex parent becomes an appropriate role model for them (Newman and Grauerholz 465). This assumption is strengthened with a research by Hosley and Montemayor (1997), who found that fathers have less contact with their daughters and engage more in activities of their sons (Lamb and Lewis 290). Larsen and Richards (1994) found that due to the communication gap with fathers, daughters remain uninfluenced by them while sons are influen ced a lot (Lamb and Lewis 290). However, a review of literature on child psychopathology by Phares (1997) revealed that even though fathers do not interact with their children as much as mothers, they still have a powerful indirect and direct impact on the social and emotional adjustments of children (Lamb and Lewis 290). This shows that fathers play an important role in the development of both, the male and the female child. ... of 2433 teenagers living with single parent, sociologists Brian Powell and Douglas Downey (1997) revealed that there is no base to the assumption that same sex parent are better as they are better suited to become appropriate role models (Newman and Grauerholz 465). In fact, they found that the chances of teenage girls becoming pregnant are more when they live with their mothers (Newman and Grauerholz 465). This proves that the assumption that same sex parents prove to be better role models for adolescents is wrong. According to Freud, daughters have an unconscious desire for their fathers and in order to resolve the conflict of the internal desire, they identify with mother’s feminine qualities and model her (Sigelman and Rider 353). This shows that daughter’s modeling of mother is not ‘natural’ but is an attempt to impress her father and to win his appreciation. In this way, it is the father who reinforces the feminine behavior in his daughter (Sigelman a nd Rider 353). According to Parke (1996), Freud’s notion that father makes an important contribution in the development of the gender based role in daughters, is confirmed (Sigelman and Rider 353). Also, acceptance and encouragement by father plays a crucial role in healthy development of daughters. Sons do not depend on fathers to develop their masculine identity. They find the masculine identity through competitive achievement and acceptance by male group (male friends, peers etc.) (Kohlberg 163). However, daughters gain confidence and strength in their feminine identity only when they are accepted and approved by male (Kohlberg 163). As father is the first male in daughter’s life, the foundation of her future male-female relationship is based on her relationship with her father (Shearin Karres 165).

U.S. History Terms and Definitions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. History Terms and Definitions - Assignment Example The society is recalled as being involved in ritual sacrifice and, on occasion, cannibalism. There reign came to an end with the Spanish invasion; between disease and attack, eventually the last of the Aztec surrendered to the Spanish. Christopher Columbus: Christopher Columbus was an Italian born explorer who has often been credited with discovering America; however modern scholars and archeological evidences prove that that may be a myth. He did make several trips across the Atlantic Ocean exploring European interests. His voyages did lead to the first lasting European presence in the new world and coined the term, â€Å"indios,† which is Spanish for Indians. His later life was filled with sickness and discomfort. He died in Spain at the age of 54. Anne Hutchinson: In 1634 Anne Hutchinson was the daughter of a minister who came to live with her husband in Boston, Massachusetts. She was said to be witty, outspoken, intelligent, and highly opinionated young woman. She was fond of sharing the teachings of John Cotton. She created quite a stir in Boston society. She accused the local ministers of, essentially, teaching the Bible wrong. Of course, the ministers denied her claims. However, she, what at the time was a bold act, claimed that God spoke to her and gave her permission to interpret biblical content. These arguments were tearing apart Boston. Ultimately she would be brought into to court and sentenced, along with her husband, to banishment from Boston. Jamestown: Jamestown is the first British colony established in the Virginia in the year 1607 by the Virginia Company. The early years of the first colony knew disease, famine, and continuing attacks by the Native Americans that already inhabited the land. It is here that fam ous historical characters like Pocahontas, John Smith, and John Rolfe met and began the stories that this country was founded on. In fact, Jamestown remained the capitol of Virginia until the King believed that the land was being mismanaged by the Virginia Company and the colony became a colony of the crown in 1622. Triangle Trade: Trade was the means by which the early American colonies were able to get the things that they needed. The Triangle Trade was named so because of its 3 pointed route. The way that it worked was that molasses would be sent to New England for the makings for rum. Then the New Englanders could manufacture the molasses into rum and then ship it to the West African coast to be traded for slaves. The slaves acquired would be taken to the West Indies where they would be sold for molasses and money. From that point the cycle of the three stages would start again. Great Awakening: There has been more than one period of time credited with being â€Å"Great Awakeni ng† in the United States. It refers to a great evangelical religious movement that occurred at that time. The first came with the settlers of the 1700s, which would ultimately result in the Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist churches. There was a second Great Awakening in the last part of the 18th century and continued to the earliest part of the 19th century, which was marked by religious good deeds of the Salvation Army and the YMCA. Stono Rebellion: This is the name given to a specific rebellion that occurred in South Carolina, a few miles outside Charleston, on September 9, 1739. A band of, approximately 20, slaves began walking down the streets and carrying a banner claiming â€Å"Liberty!† The men and women stole weapons and ammunition, set fire to

The importance of communication in aviation

The importance of communication in aviation Academic Research Paper Aircraft is acknowledged as the most straightforward route for transportation on the planet. It is constantly utilized as a real and useful transportation across urban communities and countries. Subsequently the impact of aeronautics well being on human life is fundamentally essential. It is likewise extremely essential to give a careful consideration and be mindful of any conditions that may influence the well being issue in the field of aeronautics. Since the past aircraft crashes, it is evident that numerous aircraft calamities have been happened inside distinctive circumstances and causes. Communication difficulties and errors have been considered as a major factor in aircraft crashes. Ricard has mentioned â€Å"Air Traffic Control Management service methods are principles of technologies which were launched in 1950’s. From 1950 the Air Traffic Control Management were using a simple swapping of voice among the Air Traffic Controller and pilot.† The most paramount co mponents that could be included in correspondence failure are because of lapses including people. Hence, misconstruing, absence of imparting plans and absence of clearness in configuration briefs, innovation and association disappointments, are some of numerous issues in conveying inside the aviation field. Regardless of the imperativeness of the above issues in flight calamities, one issue which is normal in numerous aircraft catastrophes is an absence of imparting data and information. Therefore in this paper I have tried to talk about the communication in aviation which includes the importance of communication between the pilot and the Air Traffic Controller and other numerous interchanges alongside the connection where the safety issues are introduced and effects of misleading communication and recommendations for improvements. Firstly. The importance of communication is that when the aircraft is service it needs to be guided step by step on every single movement or changes it goes through on its journey, if there is no one to guide the aircraft when it is in air then it is good as a flightless bird. During this journey of the aircraft from one destination to the other the worst scenario is expected as no one has clue of what could go wrong when. So at all times the aircraft has to feed the ground controllers with all the information and system changes that takes place to help maintain the aircraft safety. Now when the aircraft travel from one country to another then in order for the pilot or cockpit crew to communicate with that country Air Traffic controller it is impossible for the pilot to learn the respective language or the vice versa. If this was the case there will many difficulties and confusion in the communication so to avoid this it was identified that â€Å"English† will be used as the i nternational language to facilitate the communication as it is a must that everyone has to learn this common language. Even when it has been established that communication between the pilot and ground or pilot and cockpit crew is important for the safety of the flight, they still fail to feed the correct or insufficient information while communicating, for example there was an incident where the aircraft was to land in the Miami airport and the it had two problems one was that it was losing its altitude and the other one was the nose gear light wouldn’t work, so the air traffic controller was aware of the elevation problem but not nose gear and the cockpit crew was aware of the nose gear problem but not losing the altitude so when the air traffic controller contacted the pilot all he asked was â€Å"How are things coming along out there?† and pilot replied â€Å"OK† both of them were referring to a different problems and in while the plane crashed in to the ever glades. This is due to lack of information and knowledge. Secondly. The effects of miscommunication, miscommunication could cause massive disaster of the aircraft, as the pilot will take decisions based on the information he receives from the air traffic controller and if the air traffic controller interprets wrong information then the pilot’s calculations will go wrong. There are many reasons for miscommunication, due to faulty in the equipments which is used to communicate or not conveying messages properly. When one party conveying message to another they do not ensure that if the message has been properly passed on or not. Misconception is a basic sort of correspondence lapse. As stated by Krivonos, â€Å"from the past disasters the reasons of numerous flight debacles are because of false impression or listening to wrong data. He likewise showed that typically much of the time, individuals hear what they hope to hear instead of what is really said; thusly this desire is not generally right. In this circumstance, it is accepted t hat when individuals make presumptions from their desires, they decipher the message from the genuine mean and what should listen.† An alternate fault that could result in numerous mishaps and catastrophes is the off base verbal correspondence between the cockpit crew and the air traffic controller. Correspondence between cockpit crew and the controller are conceivable because of moving of data in information connection and radio. The connection of information decreases the possibility of misconception data between the ground controllers and cockpit crew on the other hand, the radio permits the ground controller to verify the pilots understanding and in the event of listening to wrong data, the direction will be transmitted in an alternate structure. Lastly. Recommendations for improvements in communication in aviation, the use of (SCAD) are a very useful. Therefore utilizing a framework to trade the data and information between the flight and the air traffic controller is vital in future advancement. Utilizing the satellite correspondence and a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) framework is needed for withdrawing information. The SCADA framework with incorporated control will assist to keep all advanced data and have the capacity to exchange information and files to diverse associations. The computerized data then might be transformed for further choice in Ground Control Management. As more than enough and right data is utilized for preparing, the best and the correct choice will be taken. SCADA is a structure that gathers information and data from many different standards of resource. In such circumstance sensors could be introduced in every aircraft to interpret all information to a focal area or processor for m anaging and withdrawal of paramount information. The best preference of SCADA is that it can consequently work without individual impedance thereby decreasing the danger of an individual failure. SCADA boost up the proficiency of getting information. This will reduce the measure of hazard that an aircraft could be in danger of. It empowers to gather information naturally and guarantee the right data being imparted and serves to decrease the amount of erroneous data that could be imparted by any aircraft organization. Morlet et al projected â€Å"the use of new advances, for example, satellite frameworks for information transmit and correspondence in flying. They brought up that the satellite correspondences will handle incredible achievement in transport administrators, for example, planes, ships, and trains. Presented utilizing expansive band satellite correspondence framework for administration in teams of aeronautical situations.† Radzik proposed a framework plan for get t o in air nautical provisions utilizing the same satellite connections as prompt inspiration of satellite interchanges for ground traffic control. The satellite framework permits imparting of data in the flight framework. In this manner, air movement controllers can accept more terrific understanding into administration, while pilots are answerable for staying off the beaten path of other flights. They called attention to that utilizing distinctive advances for diverse flight stages is essential in future. Thusly, in view of the past studies, a proposal is recommended for development of avionics framework administration. The aviation industry is expanding and even when there are many aircrafts accidents which are mostly due to miscommunication between the cockpit crew and air traffic controller. Communication is one of the vital things that aircraft requires when it is in service as without communication the aircraft is blinded, miscommunication could even make things worse which would ultimately end up with a catastrophic event and so it is necessary that correct measurements has to taken to improve communication by using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCAD) and proper air traffic management. This change has to be carried out immediately and the result will be visible in the changes that have been made. Also requires more research on this idea and attempt more to reduce the aircraft crashes by vast number. In conclusion the communication is very important human factor which leads to many aircraft crashes and incidents while cruising and on ground. Therefore everyone in the aviation sector is obliged to have good communication skills, and should implement steps to reduce miscommunication. Word count: 1510

Shakespeares Macbeth - Responsible for His Own Destruction :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth:   Responsible for His Own Destruction      Ã‚   Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, is the tragic tale of the character Macbeth, a virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed. This tragedy could be explained two very different ways. One explanation is that the tragic hero, Macbeth, is led down an inescapable road of doom by fate. A second explanation is that there is no "outside" force working against Macbeth, which therefore makes him responsible for his own actions and inevitable downfall.   The text of the play seems to imply that Macbeth is indeed responsible for his own actions, actions provoked by an unwillingness to listen to his own conscience, the three witches, and his own ambition.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, Macbeth ignores the voice of his own psyche. He knows what he is doing is wrong even before he murders Duncan, but he allows Lady Macbeth and greed to cloud his judgment. In referring to the idea of the murder of Duncan, Macbeth first states, "We will proceed no further in this business"(I.vii.32). Yet, after speaking with Lady Macbeth he recants and proclaims, "I am settled, and bend up/Each corporal agent to this terrible feat"(I.vii.79-80). There is nothing supernatural to be found in a man being swayed by the woman he loves, as a matter of fact this action could be perceived as quite the opposite.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, the witches have to be dispelled as a source of Macbeth's misfortune before the latter theory can be considered. It is admittedly strange that the weird sisters first address Macbeth with, "All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee Thane of Cawdor!"(I.iii.49), a title that not even Macbeth is aware he has been awarded. Even stranger is the third witch calling to Macbeth, "All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter"(I.iii.50)! However as stated by Bradley, "No connection of these announcements with any actions of his was even hinted by [the witches]"(232).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some are still not convinced, however, of the witches' less than supernatural role; nevertheless, Macbeth appears throughout the play to be completely aware of his actions, as opposed to being controlled by some mystic force. The effect of the witches on the action of the play is best summarized by these words: while the influences of the Witches' prophecies on Macbeth are very great, it is quite clearly shown to be an influence and nothing more (Bradley 232).

Affirmative Action Avoiding Racial Discrimination

In recent times, virtually every great political leader has recognized the truth of affirmative action. But, what is affirmative action one might ask? According to Merriam-Webster†s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition: â€Å"an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women.† In the United States, these minority groups include African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, Alaskan Natives, and immigrants. In general, affirmative action is intended to benefit groups that are thought to have suffered from discrimination. However, critics argue that some groups benefit from affirmative action because of their political influence. In this essay, I will show that quotas and mandatory preferences not only violate our rights as individual citizens, but also are unnecessary, and why they should be abolished. The term affirmative action was first used in an order issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 that required businesses with U.S. government contracts to treat their employees without regard to race, ethnic origin, religion, or gender. However, later on the government asked the businesses to consider the race and gender of their employees to ensure that the mix of people on their staffs reflected the mix in the local work force. In addition, a fixed share of federal contracts were set aside for businesses owned by women or minorities. Many state and local governments, as well as numerous businesses and schools, created their own affirmative-action programs. Since the 1970's, controversy over affirmative action has developed. People disaccord about how to achieve the goal of nondiscrimination. Even though, some claim temporary preferences are necessary to achieve equality, others believe quotas, mandatory preferences, and other affirmative action policies unfairly affect the right of individuals to be treated according to their abilities. People also disagree about which groups are entitled to affirmative action and for how long (LaNoue). The reasons used by proponents like redressing past injustice and educational diversity are not proper and they harm the society instead of helping it to prosper (Puddington 70-83). Affirmative action in the United States is meant to provide jobs for blacks in formerly closed fields. Correcting a past injustice is admirable, but requiring an employer to provide black faces in order to fill a quota is unfair both to employers and to employees. It puts productivity at risk, as well as the self-esteem and potential for personal growth for those who are being helped (Almasi 4). Proponents also consider that educational diversity is an important reason behind affirmative action and giving preferences to minority students in schools is a way of achieving it. But the preferences remove from bad schools any incentive to improve, since their students are guaranteed places in good colleges irrespective of their own standards (O†Sullivan 22). In fact, to bring onto college campuses students whose academic abilities have been severely damaged by the conditions in which they have been forced to learn would be a recipe for failure (Carter 438). All these students need is a training to be successful in the real world and not just a push, favor, or preference that will force them into being a failure later on. The proponents suggest changing the race-based affirmative action into the class-based affirmative action that would not arouse any hostility. But it makes very little sense in an area of admission to colleges, universities, and professional schools. We already have a huge and expensive system of federal loans to make it possible for those without parental or their own income to get higher education. One can imagine covering all costs for higher education for everyone, it would be immense. The only effect of preference on ground of class could be to increase the number of poor whites and Asians in institutions of higher education, and to reduce the number of blacks (Glazer 444-45). Class-based program would only serve the most disadvantaged Americans. But this solution is not as simple as it may sound. A form of reverse discrimination would still occur, and there would be â€Å"victims† who are â€Å"passed over† regardless of how well they qualified for the school or job (Guernsey 95). Therefore, class-based affirmative action would not help all the minorities in achieving a higher education. As one climbs toward professional success, at some point the preferences must fall away entirely. When the student has shown what he or she can do, the rationale for a preference at the next level is slimmer. So, an even slighter affirmative action preference for professional school admission, while possibly justified on similar grounds, is less important, and a little bit harder to defend, than a program at the college level (Carter 440). Also, a person who has good college achievement does not need to depend on any favor in order to be successful in future. †¦affirmative action has always been what might be called iconographic public policy – policy that ostensibly exists to solve a social problem but actually, functions as an icon for the self-image people hope to gain by supporting the policy (Steele 441). In the quote, Steele means that affirmative action appears to solve the inequality, but instead it makes people see how unequal they actually are. The deleteriousness of an iconographic social policy is that one cannot be against it without appearing to be against what it intends to represent. The white man who opposes affirmative action looks like a racist and the black looks like an Uncle Tom. This kind of policies cause to last indefinitely by hiding behind what they represent.(442). The central idea of compensation behind the affirmative action is no longer justifiable. Many people have realized that even though affirmative action has been successful and beneficiary in the past, but today it has completely lost it purpose to compensate the hurt ones and instead has raised racial tensions. It had many adverse affects on the society over last few decades and people have seen enough of them to finally raise their voice against it. One example of this could be the public poll in which 54 percent of the respondents favored the affirmative action as being good for the country. But when affirmative action was outlined as â€Å"mandatory preferences,† 75 percent of them resisted it. The reason behind this reaction is that people consider quotas as an infringement of the ideal that people should be judged as individuals, not as members of a group (Rottenberg 435). In 1995, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a federal program requiring preference based on a person's race is unconstitutional unless the preference is designed to make up for specific instances of past discrimination. This meant that affirmative action could no longer be used to counteract racial discrimination by society as a whole, but must be aimed at eliminating specific problems. In 1989, the court had made a similar decision regarding state and local programs. In addition, a federal court in March 1996 ruled against a race-based admissions policy at the University of Texas Law School (LaNoue). Undoubtedly, through different court decisions and public outrage one can see why preference is wrong, intrinsically unjust, ethically confuse. It is moreover socially counterproductive: damaging to those who practice it, injurious to the society in which it breeds, and above all cruelly hurtful to the minorities who were to have helped by it (Cohen 459). No sound principles, constitutional or moral justify discriminating by race or sex to achieve some predetermined numerical distribution of goods. The defense of preferences fails because it contradicts the equal treatment of individual persons that fair process demand (457). Time has come for us to take a good look at the notion of affirmative action. We can stop it from increasing racial tensions, barriers, unconstitutional favors, and hostility or we can wait, not take action against it and suffer its destructive consequences in future. It is a choice we have to make right now before it is too late.

Book review †cold blood Essay

Book review of Cold Blood by the author James Fleming The surname (he is Ian’s nephew) and terse title might lead one to expect something purely commercial and hard-boiled of James Fleming’s Cold Blood. But this sequel to White Blood, though in the thriller genre, is both more idiosyncratic and awkward than that. The tone is set on page one with the hero-narrator’s introductory self-description: â€Å"I, Charlie Doig†¦ six foot two, strong across the shoulders and through the loins. † Set during the Russian revolution and its bloody aftermath, this is as much tongue-in-cheek historical romp as page-turning cliffhanger. The novel’s opening finds Doig, an entomologist with a taste for derring-do, in western Burma, where he is glorying in his discovery of a new species of jewel beetle. We are briefly whisked back to his ancestral home in Russia – his ancestry is exotically cosmopolitan – for a whirlwind reprise of some of the principal elements of White Blood, notably the rape and torture (so hideous that Doig feels compelled to put her out of her misery with a bullet through the brain) of his beloved wife, Elizaveta, by the evil Bolshevik Prokhor Glebov. Cold Blood tells the story of Doig’s single-minded pursuit of Glebov across civil-warravaged Russia. First stop is St Petersburg, where, with his Mongolian sidekick, Kobi, he witnesses the Bolshevik seizure of power and discovers that Glebov has become one of the revolution’s leaders, up there with Lenin and Trotsky. With the struggle of Red v White spreading across the land, Doig is forced to step up a gear in his pursuit of vengeance, assembling a ragbag troop of henchmen and women and commandeering an armoured train. Thus equipped, Doig will take on not only Glebov, but the whole of the Red Army. If Doig is single-minded, his creator certainly isn’t, for he throws any number of other odds and sods into the narrative stew. There’s a cache of stolen tsarist gold that everyone wants to get their hands on. There’s a mysterious American who proves to be up to no good. There’s an erotic interest called Xenia who also proves to be up to no good. There are any number of colourful bit parts that flit into the narrative, command attention for a couple of pages and then flit out again. If writers can be divided into minimalists and maximalists, then Fleming is out there on the militant wing of the maximalists. Thrillers need variation of pace: moments when the grip is relaxed, the better to sock the reader with the unexpected. Fleming’s relentless energy and garrulous black humour – as Doig and his band of eccentric ne’er-do-wells career across the steppes to an explosive denouement – produce flashes of brilliance, but at the expense of tension. Cold Blood has an original and talented voice behind it, but in the end perhaps goes to show that the comedy thriller is one of the trickiest of literary hybrids to pull off. Cold Blood by the author James Fleming.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail essays

Letter from a Birmingham Jail essays Letter from a Birmingham Jail was written on April 16, 1963 by Martin Luther King Jr. in response to a letter published in a Birmingham, Alabama, newspaper in 1963. Eight Birmingham Clergymen presented a letter to the public, previous to Kings letter, as a means of protesting the progression of desegregation in Birmingham through the peaceful demonstrations brought on by the Negro community. King responds to the numerous claims made by the clergy men throughout their letter in a clear and intelligent way that allows his readers to make their own judgments on the issues at hand. The clergymen saw the demonstrations as an unwise, untimely, and a disrespectful way for the Negro community to get their message across to the powers that be. King felt that it was important to allow the public to see the other side of the argument because the clergy men failed to give the demonstrators any credit for their actions. The clergy men thought the issues plaguing their community were ones tha t would be dealt with in a court room and not on a street corner. The undisputable message King was sending to his readers when he wrote this letter was that the Negro community would no longer stand idly by as the white leaders of their community deny them their God-given rights. It was implied by the clergy men that King was an outsider in Birmingham and the issues that he was involving himself in were such that should be dealt with by the people who lived in Birmingham and no one else. It was stated that bringing in an outsider to solve a towns problems will only lead to more trouble, but King repeatedly justifies his involvement in the Human Rights Demonstrations with evidence backing his presence in the town. King points out the fact that he was invited by the leader of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights to be a prominent guiding figure for the Negro community throughout the demonstrations. He also notes that t...

Free Essays on Police Brutality

Reality television shows that focus on extreme plastic surgery makeovers are broadcasting if you don’t like something about your physical appearance you can change it. These television shows have helped plastic surgery to become more common. Plastic surgeries were first considered for the rich only because they were so expensive. But now plastic surgery can be afforded by most anyone. I’m interested in this topic because I feel like my generation is all about physical appearance. I am also interested in this topic because I believe my generation is going to be the first to never grow old, since all these surgeries are becoming so easily accessible. But is this acceptable? Is elective cosmetic plastic surgery self-mutilation? Most people see nothing wrong with plastic surgery because it is now so common. Many people think that plastic surgery is no different than make up, tanning or hair dying because they are all items that change one’s appearance. O, The Oprah Magazine claims there are five things a person must understand before considering plastic surgery. First off, the patient must be clear about what they are looking to change about themselves. Secondly, the patient should have an â€Å"otherwise happy life†. Thirdly, the patient should be doing it for the right reason. Fourthly, the patient should be in good health. And finally the patient should have confidence in her procedure. (O, The Oprah Magazine 3-4). If all the above are true then the patient should have a successful surgery and be happy with the outcome. The dictionary definition of self-mutilation is the injury or disfigurement of oneself, to make imperfect by excising or altering parts. Plastic surgery is self-mutilation because it is the altering of the body. Surgery altering includes cutting, removing, and implanting unnatural objects into the body. On top of mutilation, all surgeries carry risks of strokes, blood clots, and death from anesthesia. Jus... Free Essays on Police Brutality Free Essays on Police Brutality Reality television shows that focus on extreme plastic surgery makeovers are broadcasting if you don’t like something about your physical appearance you can change it. These television shows have helped plastic surgery to become more common. Plastic surgeries were first considered for the rich only because they were so expensive. But now plastic surgery can be afforded by most anyone. I’m interested in this topic because I feel like my generation is all about physical appearance. I am also interested in this topic because I believe my generation is going to be the first to never grow old, since all these surgeries are becoming so easily accessible. But is this acceptable? Is elective cosmetic plastic surgery self-mutilation? Most people see nothing wrong with plastic surgery because it is now so common. Many people think that plastic surgery is no different than make up, tanning or hair dying because they are all items that change one’s appearance. O, The Oprah Magazine claims there are five things a person must understand before considering plastic surgery. First off, the patient must be clear about what they are looking to change about themselves. Secondly, the patient should have an â€Å"otherwise happy life†. Thirdly, the patient should be doing it for the right reason. Fourthly, the patient should be in good health. And finally the patient should have confidence in her procedure. (O, The Oprah Magazine 3-4). If all the above are true then the patient should have a successful surgery and be happy with the outcome. The dictionary definition of self-mutilation is the injury or disfigurement of oneself, to make imperfect by excising or altering parts. Plastic surgery is self-mutilation because it is the altering of the body. Surgery altering includes cutting, removing, and implanting unnatural objects into the body. On top of mutilation, all surgeries carry risks of strokes, blood clots, and death from anesthesia. Jus... Free Essays on Police Brutality Everyone's Problem: Police Brutality and Race, by Tom Gregg This will discuss whether the police system in the New York City area is corrupt and/or racist. POLICE CORRUPTION I grew up in the Midwest, respecting the police as the "good guys" heroic fighters of badness, upholders of justice who ought to be obeyed. Now, living in the New York City area, I read and hear about a different type of cop. Here, cops, singly or in conspiracy, are repeatedly caught helping drug dealers in exchange for money or drugs. In Philadelphia recently 5 police officers were found to have kept a stash of drugs from which they withdrew drugs to plant evidence on people. A detective in one New Jersey police department claims that after a certain store was robbed, several police officers looted the store, justifying their actions with the thought that the storeowner's insurance would pay for the stolen goods; and cops who didn't participate in the looting were ostracized. In another New Jersey community it is claimed that the police are currently taking bribes from drug dealers. In Newark, NJ, an officer who came forward with allegations of an operating police extortion ring is being penalized for his honesty. Police in some big cities have been likened to street gangs, and a friend of mine goes so far as to say that they are criminals and should not be trusted; my friend will not call the police when she has a problem, for fear that the police will use the opportunity to "case" her house, and then inform criminals of her valuables. POLICE BRUTALITY Recently in New York City, there have been about 500 police brutality reports per month, though killings of cops in the line of duty have been halved over the last 30 years. Item: in East Orange, New Jersey, a man drives a car into a driveway. The owner of the house requests that he leave, but there is oncoming traffic, so the driver waits. A police officer comes out of the house and fatally shoo... Free Essays on Police Brutality Racism and police brutality goes hand in hand. It also causes a major concern in today's society in the United States. On March 3, 1991, in California, Rodney King an African American, was pulled over after a high-speed chase. He was then stopped and beaten by four white police officers (Worsnop 635). Tracy Brock also an African American was arrested in Manhattan in November of 1986. An officer smashed his head through a plate glass window, when Brock refused to go into the officer’s lunchroom (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 14). Ki Tae Kim a Korean grocer was assaulted when he was accused of passing a counterfeit bill. He was punched in the face, his head was slammed into the counter, and the officer also subjected him to racial slurs (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 17). Marcos Maldonado a Latino grocer was mistaken for a suspect after an armed robbery to his store. He was handcuffed , thrown to the floor, repeatedly kicked, and beaten with the officer’s nightstick (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 17). Abner Louima a Haitian immigrant was arrested outside a dance club in Brooklyn, and was brutally assaulted when he arrived at the police station. Volpe a long time police officer was accused of shoving a plunger into Louima's rectum so far that his bladder and intestines were lacerated. Then he shoved the plunger into Louima's mouth and broke his teeth (Steinback 8). These are just a few examples of the people who were affected of police brutality, and racism. There are five stages through which force can progress and lead to brutality: Verbal persuasion, unarmed physical force, force using non-lethal weapons, force using impact weapons and deadly force, which most of the officers mentioned before fell into this stage. The deadly force stage is only to be used only when an officer’s life or anothe... Free Essays on Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality should be addressed. The use of excessive force may or may not be large problem, but it should be looked into by both the police and the public. For those people who feel racism is not a factor in causing the use of excessive force, here is a startling fact. In Tampa Bay, Florida, five men died while in the custody of the Tampa Bay police Department (C.C. 27). The thing is, the Tampa Bay Police Department is made up of mostly white officers, but of the five men who died, none where white. Four of the five men that died where African Americans, and the other man was a Mexican National. If the incident in Tampa Bay does not show a person racism, this event between 1986 to 1989, but in 1990, that number increased greatly. In that year, twenty-three Latin Americans were killed by police gunfire. When asked how he felt about racism being involved in police brutality, Yussuf Naimkly of the University of Regina commented: â€Å"Excessive police force against blacks has always been tolerated, because as a formally enslaved minority African Americans are trapped in a cultural context specifically designed to inhibit their development and thus minimize their threat to white hegemony† (C.C. 72) Executive Director of Police Misconduct Lawyers Referral Service Karol Heppe commented, â€Å"Brutality against minorities is a daily occurrence in Los Angeles,† she says. â€Å"The difference this time is someone videotaped it (C.C. 36). Another shocking incident of police brutality occurred in Reynoldsberg, Ohio. A group of offices named themselves â€Å"S.N.A.T.† squad. This acronym stood for â€Å"Special Nigger Arrest Team† and they made it a point to harass African Americans whenever. â€Å"The number of people killed by police has gone down from... Free Essays on Police Brutality Police Abuse In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens' rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, ri ghts violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is told what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are servingnot themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselve...

Tourism Development in China

Tourism Development in China Tourism is a burgeoning industry in China. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 57.6 million foreign visitors entered the country in 2011, generating over $40 billion dollars in revenue. China is now the third most visited country in the world, behind only France and the United States. However, unlike many other developed economies, tourism is still considered a relatively new phenomenon in China. As the country industrializes, tourism will become one of its primary and fastest growing economic sectors. Based on current UNWTO forecasts, China is expected to become the worlds most visited country by 2020. History of Tourism Development in China Shortly after the Chairmans death, Chinas most famous economic reformist, Deng Xiaoping, opened up the Middle Kingdom to outsiders. Contrary to Maoist ideology, Deng saw the monetary potential in tourism and began to promote it intensely. China quickly developed its own travel industry. Major hospitality and transportation facilities were constructed or renovated. New jobs such as service personnel and professional guides were created, and a National Tourism Association was established. Foreign visitors quickly flocked to this once forbidden destination. In 1978, an estimated 1.8 million tourists entered the country, with the majority coming from neighboring British Hong Kong, Portuguese Macau, and Taiwan. By 2000, China welcomed over 10 million new overseas visitors, excluding the aforementioned three locations. Tourists from Japan, South Korea, Russia, and the United States comprised the largest share of that inbound population. During the 1990s, the Chinese central government also issued several policies to encourage the Chinese to travel domestically, as a means of stimulating consumption. In 1999, over 700 million trips were made by domestic tourists. Outbound tourism by Chinese citizens recently become popular, as well. This is due to a rise in the Chinese middle-class. The pressure presented by this new class of citizens with disposable income has caused the government to ease international travel restrictions greatly. By the end of 1999, fourteen countries, mainly in Southeast and East Asia, were made designated overseas destinations for Chinese residents. Today, over a hundred countries have made it onto Chinas approved destination list, including the United States and many European countries. Since the reform, Chinas tourism industry has registered consistent growth year-after-year. The only period in which the country experienced a decline in inbound numbers are the months following the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre. The brutal military crackdown of peaceful pro-democracy protestors painted a poor image of the Peoples Republic to the international community. Many travelers ended up avoiding China based on fear and personal morals. Tourism Development in Modern China When China joined the WTO in 2001, travel restrictions in the country were relaxed further. The WTO reduced formalities and barriers for cross-border travelers, and global competition helped cut costs. These changes additionally enhanced Chinas position as a country for financial investment and international business. The rapidly developing business environment has helped the tourism industry prosper. Many businessmen and entrepreneurs often visit popular sites while on their business trips. Some economists also believe the Olympic Games fostered an increase in tourism numbers due to worldwide exposure. The Beijing Games not only put The Birds Nest and Water Cube on center stage but some of Beijings most incredible wonders were displayed as well. Moreover, the opening and closing ceremonies showcased to the world Chinas rich culture and history. Shortly after the conclusion of the games, Beijing held a Tourism Industry Development Conference to present new plans to boost profits by riding the games momentum. At the conference, a multi-year plan was set in place to increase the number of inbound tourists by seven percent. To realize this goal, the government plan on taking a series of measures, including stepping up tourism promotion, develop more leisure facilities, and reduce air pollution. A total of 83 leisure tourism projects were presented to potential investors. These projects and goals, along with the countrys continued modernization will undoubtedly set the touri sm industry on a path of continuous growth into the foreseeable future. Tourism in China has received a major expansion since the days under Chairman Mao. It is no longer uncommon to see the country on the cover of a Lonely Planet or Frommers. Travel memoirs about the Middle Kingdom are on bookstore shelves everywhere, and travelers from all over are now able to share a personal photo of their Asian adventures with the world. It is not surprising that the tourism industry would thrive so well in China. The country is filled with endless wonders. From the Great Wall to the Terracotta Army, and from sprawling mountain valleys to neon metropolises, there is something here for everyone. Forty years ago, no one could have ever predicted how much wealth this country was capable of generating. Chairman Mao certainly didnt see it. And he definitely did not foresee the irony that preceded his death. It is amusing how the man who detested tourism would one day become a tourist attraction, as a preserved body on display for capitalistic gains. References Wen, Julie. Tourism and Chinas Development: Policies, Regional Economic Growth and Ecotourism. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co. 2001.

Gangs and the Violence They Create in the Prison System Research Paper

Gangs and the Violence They Create in the Prison System - Research Paper Example In the light of these studies, correctional officers can understand the mechanism of gangs in prison and take appropriate steps to deter violence in prisons. The existence of gangs in prison poses numerous challenges for the jail authorities because these gangs are involved in creating violence inside prison systems. Gangs in prison are formed usually be former street gangsters and as such, formation of gangs in prison is inevitable because gangsters prefer to associate themselves with gangs because it enables them to continue their illegal activities even inside the prison. Gangs within prison become a source of grouping such inmates that share the same ideas or philosophies; or that share common criminal background. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that gangs forcibly involve such inmates that were not previously part of any gang. Being a part of prison gang is not a temporary connection. Gangsters must remain loyal to the gangs they join in prison. The reason why gangsters naturally become members of prison gangs is that individual gangsters cannot perform the same way, as they would in a gang. The network of gangs may be affiliated with other networks in and outside the prison. This facilitates their activities inside prison, as a result of which much of the violence is created in the prison systems. Prison gangs are off-shoots of street gangs; however, the working of prison gangs is entirely different from street gangs. In prison, the gangs must operate within the limits of the prison walls and they do not have the liberty to run away or escape. They do not have their secret hideouts to plan and execute their actions. Moreover, due to the strict surveillance in prisons, gangsters cannot communicate or transmit their messages as they would in an open environment. Thus, they need to develop their specific way of communication through various symbols and signs. Using symbolic language is much safer than verbal or other typical

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Recycling - Research Paper Example An all inclusive definition of the term recycling is that recycling essentially refers to a closed-loop stem designed with the sole purpose of attempting to try and optimize the utilization of various resources while greatly minimizing the production of waste for the benefit of humankind. This definition of recycling casts it as being a systematic alternative to the usual syndrome of Produce-Consume-Dispose that is seen to greatly govern the flow of various materials in the modern day society. Aquino (1995 p.1-10) equates the practice of recycling whereby materials are processed for reuse to the Middle Ages practice where alchemists used to try and turn various base metals into gold. Recycling is not a new concept and evidence of its practice can be traced back to the Romans who by pulling down stones form their Coliseum so as to reuse these stones in the paving of roads, are seen to be pioneers in the field of construction and demolition recycling. Throughout history, black smiths have constantly been engaged in recycling as they have always smelted down broken items such as hoes and swords an reforged new ones from the molten metal. Industrialization is seen to have greatly spurred the demand for cheaper goods and scrap metals were used in the production of numerous products as they were generally cheaper as compared to products produced from virgin ore. Traditional industries such as the American steel industry and the rail road bought large quantities of scrap metal t o be used in the creation of steel products and the building the railway respectively. Recycling efforts in the country were seen to increase during the World War II as due to widespread material shortages and crippling financial constraints nearly all recyclable items were collected for recycling and subsequent use in the war effort. In the twenty first century, the only

Q and answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Q and answers - Essay Example These distinctive enzymes function in different ways. Answer: Insulin does not play a role in the uptake of glucose in the liver but it has other effects. It increases the synthesis of fatty acids, glycogen and protein synthesis. On the other hand it decreases gycogenolysis and the formation of ketone bodies by the liver. Answer: The digestion of lipids starts in the mouth where it is acted upon by lingual lipase. In the stomach the action of gastric lipase begins. These two lipases are not great contributors in the digestion of lipids and they act mainly on short to medium chain fatty acids which include the milk fats. Small intestine is the main site where lipid digestion takes place. This occurs with the help of pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2 and cholesterol esterase. The bile salts also play a role in digestion by emulsification which is the breakdown of large fat droplets in to small ones so that the enzymes have a larger surface area to carry out their function. Answer: Transport of glucose in the small intestine is associated with sodium ions. The sodium ions and glucose share the same transporter and the transport of glucose occurs by cotransport with sodium and is referred to as secondary active transport. The concentration of the sodium in the intestinal cells is low. This causes the movement of sodium in the cells and hence the movement of glucose as it is transported with the sodium ions. The glucose is then moved across the interstitium into the capillaries whereas the sodium ions move into intercellular spaces. The provision of energy for this process is indirect by the active transport of sodium out of the cell. This is the reason why this transport of glucose is referred to as secondary active

Labor realations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labor realations - Assignment Example However, CLC preferred to disagree with the proposal as CAW was supposed to one of the biggest private union segment and agreeing to the request of SEIW was expected to trigger certain problems for CLC in terms of privilege support and other benefits related to labor (Niemeijer, 2000). With reference to the above context, it can be stated that the dispute between the SEIW and CAW acted as a certain form of threat for the labor unity and solidarity to union democracy as well. The disagreement was considered more of a threat as CAW was one of the largest local labor union of Canada which involved the support of 234,000 members. In relation to this fact, banning the members of CAW from CLC entailed the possibility of creating certain problems for every labor union which included lack of support in response to the undertaken circumstances, privileges provided by the government and the rise of other unions among others (Niemeijer, 2000). The disagreements among the labor unions such as the dispute between SEIU and CAW can lead to various problems within the nations while acting or performing in favor of the labor rights. The problems which can trigger in relation to the labor union disputes can be identified as lack of unity among the unions present within the nations while dealing with similar problems and assisting the labors of the organizations with benefits and rights as specified in the labor laws. Furthermore, the disputes of labor union can prevent the government of the nation from taking interest in the problems related to labor (Pierce, & Bentham, 2007). Discuss The Issue Of National Autonomy From International Parent Union. How Might Canadian Locals Protect Their National Autonomy While Still Enjoying The Benefits Of Membership In A Large, International Union? The issue of national autonomy from international parent union can be identified in terms of the assistance provided by

Key Change Management Issues related to Organizational Structure Essay

Key Change Management Issues related to Organizational Structure - Essay Example Large Builder plc is an organization that has performed consistently in the highly competitive construction sector in the United Kingdom even during the years of low economic growth.   It has survived and profited as a result of its ability to make quick and farsighted decisions related to investment, market positioning and cost-cutting. In order to take advantage of the upturn in the housing market, Large Builder plc has decided to acquire a small, regional housing developer, Small Firm Ltd. This acquisition is however expected to be performed with retaining most of the current employees of the Small Firm Ltd. and by using their existing market base. While this decision is expected to bring in an expansion in the revenue base, the merger and integration of Small Firm Ltd. with Large Builder plc would require considerations over and above the financial investments and legal deals that would go in the acquisition.   There are several important and distinct differences in the two o rganizations, owing to their different sizes and structures that need to be taken into account while ensuring that Small Firm Ltd. is able to perform the functions and adopt the business processes as envisioned by the Large Builder plc. Further, the two organizations have been managed in an entirely different cultural environment – Large Builder plc having a professional and corporate culture and Small Firm Ltd. practicing a small family-like culture. The above differences in structure and culture need to be understood at the onset as well as pre-empted with a strategy of integration to facilitate a smooth collaborative organizational environment post the proposed acquisition. The following sections will therefore contain a discussion on   the key change management issues that need to be taken into account when integrating Small Firm Ltd. into Large Builder plc.

Only for Expert in Public Administration (Texas), (comprehinsive exam) Assignment - 1

Only for Expert in Public Administration (Texas), (comprehinsive exam) II part - Assignment Example The local governments on both secured and unsecured property on the other hand levy property taxes. Other taxes for local governments come from franchise fees, business license tax, parimutual taxes and many others. The third main source is from licenses, permits, fees, and receipts. These rates are charged from all manner of contractors within the locality (Aronson & Schwartz, 2007). Local governments also source their finances from both external and internal loans to finance projects. The external loans are sourced from banks or financial institutions while the internal loans are sourced from their own internal savings such as the capital development funds or the Consolidated Loan Fund that form part of the internal loans for a local government. While the internal loans are quite cheap hence can be afforded to finance the budgets, the external loans are expensive since they attract high interest rates hence not a wise way of financing a capital budget. The local governments also get fund from the contributions from revenues which results as a result of purchasing a capital item, it pays from the operating income from the year of purchase and it is used to pay for small capital items in most localities given that it does not attract any interest payments (Aronson & Schwartz, 2007). National governments may also extend grants to local governments on application w hich if combined with donor funds form a substantial source of revenue to help in incurring developmental and capital expenditure. The sources of funding a local government can therefore be categorized into two major categories namely, government transfers and the revenue instruments that the government controls hence its empowered to raise its own revenue as discussed above. As indicated above some municipal services are paid for by the individuals or the public who use them. The charges by the municipalities on the services are called† tariffs† and the tariffs should be affordable both

Key Change Management Issues related to Organizational Structure Essay

Key Change Management Issues related to Organizational Structure - Essay Example Large Builder plc is an organization that has performed consistently in the highly competitive construction sector in the United Kingdom even during the years of low economic growth.   It has survived and profited as a result of its ability to make quick and farsighted decisions related to investment, market positioning and cost-cutting. In order to take advantage of the upturn in the housing market, Large Builder plc has decided to acquire a small, regional housing developer, Small Firm Ltd. This acquisition is however expected to be performed with retaining most of the current employees of the Small Firm Ltd. and by using their existing market base. While this decision is expected to bring in an expansion in the revenue base, the merger and integration of Small Firm Ltd. with Large Builder plc would require considerations over and above the financial investments and legal deals that would go in the acquisition.   There are several important and distinct differences in the two o rganizations, owing to their different sizes and structures that need to be taken into account while ensuring that Small Firm Ltd. is able to perform the functions and adopt the business processes as envisioned by the Large Builder plc. Further, the two organizations have been managed in an entirely different cultural environment – Large Builder plc having a professional and corporate culture and Small Firm Ltd. practicing a small family-like culture. The above differences in structure and culture need to be understood at the onset as well as pre-empted with a strategy of integration to facilitate a smooth collaborative organizational environment post the proposed acquisition. The following sections will therefore contain a discussion on   the key change management issues that need to be taken into account when integrating Small Firm Ltd. into Large Builder plc.

Church Split During Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Church Split During Middle Ages Essay Ultimately, the cause of the Great Schism of 1054 was a question of who was the highest authority. The underlying reasons why there was a split, however, developed in earliest beginnings of the Church. In those days the Church was never completely unified, and several of the original organizations, such as the Coptic Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, which date from ancient times, still exist as separate entities. By far, the largest body of the Church was the one centered in Rome, which from ancient times was made up of two main groups of people, one speaking Latin and one speaking Greek. Latin was the language of the administrative center in Rome. Greek, however, was the original language of much of the New Testament. The linguistic difference was part of a foundation of a split that developed more, and not always for reasons that had anything to do with religious doctrine. Like the Church, the Roman Empire was divided between Latin and Greek areas, and the common understanding of this is skewed. The date we are accustomed to assign to the fall of the Roman Empire was not actually the date of a sudden destruction of a country. In fact, what happened that year was the abdication of the last emperor of the Roman Empire of the West, with authority being reunited in the hands of the emperor of the Roman Empire of the East. And in theory, the Roman Empire continued with what we call the Byzantine Empire today, but what called itself the Empire of the Roman People at the time. For group of people in the East, who considered themselves the rightful administrators of law and Justice, to admit that they had lost control over the West was difficult enough, but in addition to that, the popes were demanding that they acknowledge the spiritual leadership of Rome, with increasing demands for political leadership as well. When Pope Leo Ill crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the West, in 800, it was not a religious issue, but it was a political issue that made the Greeks very upset. From the Greek perspective, Charlemagne and the Pope were usurping the authority of Empress Irene, who was ruling the empire at the time. When Emperor Michael Ill deposed the Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople in 858, the Pope, Nicholas l, declared the action illegal and acted on his own authority to return Ignatius to his position. This caused further problems, and this time it was within the Church itself. In 1014, the Pope again tried to exert authority over the ishops of the East, interfering in a change they were making to the to the Nicene Creed. Right or wrong, this created more strain. The time of continual, simmering resentment continued, as the Popes continued to try to get the Greek bishops to accept the supreme authority of Rome, and the Greek bishops always tried to avoid doing this. Finally, in 1054, a group of legates excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople because he would not take an oath to acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope, and he retaliated by excommunicating them. Church Split During Middle Ages By brandyHK

The Construction Of A House Or Buildings Construction Essay

The Construction Of A House Or Buildings Construction Essay In this modern world an builders faces lots of challenges in the construction of a house or buildings to compete the world in the form that how to make a modern house or building which is environment friendly, energy saving and low cost etc, such sort of problems putting pressure on builders now a days. Because of the rising cost of the material which is used in traditional construction methods which are unlikely to meet the demands for future developments. Thats why more and more builders or designer are now understand the benefits of the development of modern material which are gradually used in the buildings now a days. Housing associations are now encouraging the housing corporation to use the modern ways of construction known as modern methods of construction when building new developments. This policy is a direct result of the Governments response to a number of drivers that have resulted in what it perceives to be a crisis in housing supply. In areas of growth, house construction in the private sector has tended to focus on the production of traditional houses either semi-separate family homes or larger separate executive homes. These private sector dwellings are beyond the reach of most first time buyers, particularly key-workers in comparatively low-paid jobs in the public sector. The Government is looking to housing associations to give dwellings for those who cant afford to buy the house. The Housing Corporation is the key agency regulating The Housing Corporation is the key agency regulating delivery of housing in the social housing sector. They assist with delivery of policy via grants awarded through the Approved Development Programme (ADP). A proportion of the ADP has been ring-fenced (The Challenge Fund) for the delivery of new homes quickly and cost effectively, in areas of high demand as well as stimulating a step change in supply by encouraging innovative forms of construction. In the face of the support from political and regulatory authorities to make greater use of modern methods, lots of stakeholders are still unsure about modern methods of construction for some of reasons. In the case of housing associations there is doubt about whether or not modern methods are able to deliver energy efficient homes at good reasonable prices. This pamphlet aims to demonstrate that homes that cross the requirements of building regulations in sense of their material efficiency can be built cost-effectively. SIPS Structural insulated composite panels are one of the most satisfying technologies in the construction industry. Started in the years of 1940s when the new sandwich design concept was generated, where there were two wooden materials and a different element between them generating maximum strength to the structure. Design As mentioned earlier, the SIP has an insulated structure between two wooden boards. This most commonly used materials are expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS) or rigid polyurethane foam. Figure : STRUCTURAL INSULATED COMPOSITE PANELS Figure : STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELSOther materials can also be used for example, steel, aluminium, stainless steel, fibre-reinforced plastic, and magnesium oxide.http://www.wbs-ltd.co.uk/images/photos/newbuild_mmc_sips1a.gif Advantages the structure is more Tougher and stronger due to the sandwich pattern of the material More insulated than any of the materials Less operating cost and can be used almost everywhere for eg. Roof, floor, walls etc. Drawbacks The manufacturing and the production can take some time Expensive manufacturing cost Have to prevent the composite from moister and keep it ventilated The material creeps over time Figure : VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONVOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONhttp://www.scrapbookscrapbook.com/DAC-ART/images/hoodsinside.jpg The volumetric construction is also, known as the modular construction. This kind of construction is mostly used at places where the employer cannot afford waste time and material for e.g. a busy road, a hospital etc. Design The construction components are manufactured and processed and are stacked onto prepared foundations to form dwelling. The materials used to make the components include light gauge steel frame, timber frame, concrete and composites. Advantages Saves time and also the labour cost. Can reduce the waste significantly generated during construction and also comparatively the least amongst other construction methods It is the most efficient when using identical units as it is the same common production line used. Improved quality compared to the other construction methods Disadvantages Setting up a manufacturing and production line could be a major concern issue when considering cost Transporting could be expensive depending upon the size of components Also, installations and other factors would affect the construction workers if the components are heavy or complex structure and have to be perfectly installed STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION The steel frame construction is usually used for constructing bigger structures like building, sky scrapers etc due to its durability and toughness. The SFC is one of the most efficient construction methods which use steel beams, T shaped and I shaped beams as to resist the stresses. Design Figure : STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTIONOakridge, a development of 299 dwellings for Sentinel Housing Group, utilised light gauge steel frame panellised construction for the first two phases. The homes, constructed from steel frames manufactured by Ayrshire Steel Framing, share standardised layouts visual variety was achieved externally by incorporating a variety of physical features (such as bays, dormers and balconies) along with a variety of finishes (different coloured renders, brick and timber cladding). Dormers and balconies were also prefabricated in glass reinforced plastic (GRP).http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/raleighdurham/images/7-frame-construction.jpg 2. Advantages of Steel Frame Construction: They can build very high and large They are light weight and strong They are easy to fix or assemble They are accurate and predictable 3. Disadvantages of Steel Frame Construction: Steel is an expensive material Frames are unstable These types of frames needs fire protection They needs separate skin TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION Figure : TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTIONTimber frame is a modern method of construction that offers an important high-quality solution to the many housing and construction challenges facing the UK.As one of the leading modern methods of construction, timber frame has grown consistently year on year. Its regarded as a means of achieving good quality, reducing time spent on-site, increasing safety and overcoming skills shortages in the industry, and will play a very important role in the formation of homes in sustainable communities by 2016.http://www.lizmale.co.uk/uploadFiles/mciFiles/Timber_frame_construction1.jpg Design Wood is the only renewable commercial building material and as a way of construction is effectively carbon neutral. When you use timber frame youre actively helping to reduce the belongings of global warming. Further improved by its low embodied energy and excellent insulation properties, it means happy customers with lower heating bills and a good future for the planet. Advantages of Timber Frame Construction In timber frame construction needs small amount of labour. It can be seen that the benefit in terms of time saving on site manifests itself as a saving in construction risk. Timber frame construction is environment friendly but the environmental benefits of timber frame construction are reduced when timber is imported from sources outside non local and requiring substantial fuel consumption in transportation. Disadvantages of Timber Frame Construction Apparently problems with timber frame construction in the housing industry from each end users and local establishment would include a perceived huge risk of fire, problem of sound lessening in a timber structure and the impact such a structure might have on the security of the end user. Basingstoke timber frame construction site fire Figure : CONSTRUCTION FIRE Timber frames are designed and manufactured to tight tolerance and require correct setting and other adjacent construction such as chimneys, rising walls and block construction. As a result, these works need to be set out with a good degree of accuracy. Panels should be stacked on a flat surface so that warping or buckling does not happen. Proper on-site practices and skill of deliveries can address this matter. Where housing is proposed in areas at threat of flooding, the planned construction methods undertaken need to be reviewed in order to measure the possible risks or implications should flooding occur. BRICK and MORTAR CONSTRUCTION Figure : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTIONBrick is a timeless, classic building material. The Chinese, and Egyptians understood the value of this simplest of rectangular solids over three thousand years ago. Brick structures still stand that were already ancient at the time of Christ. Invented in antiquity, brick remains the one exterior building material with a human scale, rich variegated colours, and flexibility of use. Modern man has crafted building materials from concrete, plastic, glass and steel, but none approach this unique elementary product. http://www.chemexfranchises.co.uk/anglesey/images/construction.jpg Design The brick making process is unchanged from primitive times in its necessary elements. A modern brick plant carries out the same functions that a Babylonian craftsman once performed. That craftsman mortar and sand, mixed the two with water to form a flexible clay mass or clot, formed the clot in a wooden mould, dried the green, unfired brick in the sun, baked it to nearly 2000 degrees, and cooled the now permanent brick, which then went to the mason to be laid in mortar to become part of a temple, Great Wall, or simple home. Figure : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTIONAdvantages of Brick and Mortar constructionhttp://www.bandwbuilders.co.uk/ImageHandler.ashx?UploadedFile=trueimage=~/App_Data/UserImages/Image/11125%20100910%20001.jpg The bricks walls protects the houses from noises thats comes from outside. Bricks are beautiful when we go to the residential area we can compare the beauty of brick structure to the other structural work like steel, wood etc. Brick structures are easy to maintain and there is nearly no cost to maintain the exterior of an all brick home. Bricks will not burn and in those disastrous situations where a fire does occur it will certainly not fuel the situation. Disadvantages of Brick and MORTOAR CONSTRUCTION The one main disadvantage of bricks and mortar is the high cost of both material and labour. Bricks and mortar construction is much sturdier than wooden homes because of the thickness, hardness and weight of the materials used to build the home bricks and mortar construction is very old traditional construction. ANALYSES AND EVALUATION For the particular construction, the author supposes that the steel frame construction would be the best possible way to build the structure. As the main concern is time efficiency it would be quicker and easier to install the steel frame structure and to complete the work on time. Talking in terms of cost efficiency and reliability, in the steel frame structure has to be compromised in one of the two factors. The demand of this kind of structure is to be tough and reliable and therefore have to spend some money on the manufacturing of the steel frames and also keeping the quality into consideration. The manufacturing cost and the transportation cost would be the only concern issues for the company where as the labour cost would be comparatively less. As the steel frames could be easily assembled and fixed. Architecting on the building would be easier and also it would give a freedom to the architect to design his particular construction as the steel frame could be manufactures in almost any possible way. Method Cost Time efficiency Structural reliability Environmental friendly sustainability SIP Expensive manufacturing cost and nominal labour cost Moderate Good Moderate Best Volumetric construction Expensive manufacturing and labour cost Good Moderate Moderate Less Timber frame construction Nominal cost Less Moderate Less Good Brick and Mortar construction Least amongst all the methods Least Good Less Less Steel Frame Construction Expensive manufacturing cost but cheap labour cost Best Best Best Good SCHEDULING AND PROCEDURES Designing The plan starts by taking the structure into consideration. Keeping the limitations, constrains and the difficulties in mind. The Architecting Part takes place after the cost estimation and the legislations have been considered. The designing process is a time taking process as it helps in knowing all most everything which is to be used in the construction and the quantity of materials which have to be ordered or manufactured. Foundation The execution starts by evacuating the area and excavating to make a foundation for the building. The foundations build is made up of cement, which is a common process for all the construction. During the initial construction, the skeleton of the structure is build by the steel frame construction method. The steel frame construction helps in giving the toughness to the structure and also, the freedom to building almost any kind of structural shape. The concern issues for steel frame structure are as follows: Time delay in manufacturing and transportation Waste parts could affect the expected budget Construction The method suitable with the steel frame structure is the SIPS. The Structural insulated panels can be used in making roofs, floor and also the walls. The reliability and the strength of the combination of the structures would improve the life and the toughness of the building. Concern issues for this kind of construction method are: Weather: it could be a serious issue and could delay the work plan, therefore the construction plan has to be well organised and executed. Labour cost : these kind of construction methods have nominal labour cost but since it is a combination of two types of construction methods, the labour demand could be higher Lastly, legislation: the legislations are the most important factor of concern for the employer and as well as the management. Finishing The finishing consists of the final construction steps like greasing, oiling, painting etc. REFERENCE Figure 1: modern method of construction ; http://www.tommypopeconstruction.com/Building-Construction.htm Date: 3rd may 2011 time: 4:00pm Figure 2 : Modern building; Shift Housing by AquiliAlberg Date: 3rd may 2011 time: 4:20 Figure 3 : http://www.thermalconstruction.co.uk/about-us-1 DATE: 9th may 2011 11:41 Figure 4 : SIPS http://www.wbs-ltd.co.uk/newbuild_mmc_sips.htm Date: 9th may 2011 12:00 Figure 5: VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION http://www.scrapbookscrapbook.com/DAC-ART/dac-artblocks.html Date: 10th may 2011 1:12pm Figure 6: STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/raleighdurham/raleighdurham7.html Date: 10th may 2011 1:30pm Figure 7 : TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION http://www.lizmale.co.uk/clients-case-studies/uktfa Date: 10th may 2011 1:35pm Figure 8: CONSTRUCTION FIRE http://faast.co.uk/2010/09/15/basingstoke-timber-frame-frame-fire-prompts-construction-fire-safety-warnings/ Date: 11th may 2011 2:00pm Figure 9 : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTION http://www.chemexfranchises.co.uk/anglesey/construction.html Date: 11th may 2011 2:10pm Figure : BRICK AND MORTAR CONSTRUCTION http://www.bandwbuilders.co.uk/blog Date: 11th may 2011 4:00

Gender Differences In Students Academic Performance :: essays research papers

Gender Differences in Students' Academic Performance Students with urban and suburban backgrounds consistently outperformed students from rural and small-town areas. Parental education levels correlated with academic success. Considering the background of the study's female participants one could reasonably expect women to outperform men. However, in spite of the higher indicators of success possessed by women, this expectation was not fulfilled. Data and background predictions did not match up with what actually occurred. Men received better grades, retained more of their self-confidence, and more men stayed in chemical engineering than women. When students run into math difficulties, men are more likely to credit math difficulties to challenges inherent in the subject, while women are more likely to explain away failure by lack of ability. This is the first of many discrepancies in men and women's perception of their own performance. Regarding general academic performance, women are more likely to attribute it to lack of ability while men more often attribute it to lack of hard work or unfair treatment. If students do well, women will more likely chalk it up to outside help while men see it as a reinforcement of their own ability. Regarding course performance, women were asked to indicate what grade would satisfy them and what grade they actually expected to receive in a course. The women's expectations decreased as the term progressed; they downrated their ability and ended up underestimating themselves. Courses involving group work were included in this study. Although group work was found to be generally positive and well-received by students, the findings inspired the authors to caution educators about potential reactions of students to group work.

Achrondoplasia Essay -- essays research papers

Imagine living in a world where everything is super-sized. Imagine having to step on a stool to crawl into bed, or having to climb onto a shelf to be able to reach a light switch. Most of all, imagine having to look up to your much taller younger sister when she speaks to you. Situations like these are what Ivy Broadhead, a teenager with achondroplasia, have to go through everyday. Ivy was born with achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism. It is caused by the presence of two mutant alleles in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3). It is a substitution, to be precise, at nucleotide number 1138 in the DNA. This substitution on the DNA level results in a minute change on the protein level. This change in the protein impairs the function of the FGFR3 receptor. It is not currently known how this change produces the features of achondroplasia, but scientists are working on it. Ivy is the third generation in her family to be affected by achondroplasia. Her grandfather, her father, and her brother also have it. Achondroplasia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait whereby only a single copy of the abnormal gene is required to cause achondroplasia. Nobody with the mutated gene can escape having achondroplasia. Many individuals with achondroplasia have normal parents, though. In this case, the genetic disorder would be caused by a de novo gene mutation. De novo gene mutations are associated with advanced paternal age, often defined as over age 35 years. If an individual with achondroplasia produce offspring with a normal individual, the chances of the offspring inheriting the mutant allele achondroplasia is 50%. If both of the parents have achondroplasia, the chances that their offspring will be of normal stature a... ...asia." University of Virginia Health System. 6 Nov. 2007. University of Virginia. 03 Feb. 2008 . Anonymous (4). "Zoey." Zoey's Story- Achondroplasia. 27 Sept. 2007. 3 Feb. 2008 . Broadhead, Ivy. "Living with Achondroplasia." ChronicleLive. 4 Aug. 2005. The Evening Chronicle. 3 Feb. 2008 . Francomano, Clair A. "Achondroplasia." Gene Reviews. 9 Jan. 2006. 02 Feb. 2008 . Nicholson, Linda. "Genetic Counseling." Kids Health. Apr. 2007. 3 Feb. 2008 .

Religion in Modern Society Essay

Religious teachings often begin with the ideals of finding inner peace, or aiding those in need, yet, over the centuries, these religions have merely become a means of facilitating the ambitions and desires of those who are in power. Many faiths disguise and warp themselves in a way that sets reality aback, and makes individual existence seem all the less valuable. Over millennia, scriptures have been modified countless times, becoming form-fitted duplicates that vary according to the era, or to whatever purpose such an alteration might serve. Recently (relatively speaking), the addition of the media has served as a method of promotion and persuasion, ranging all the way from trivial, street-side advertising to mass conversions and the attempting of subtle, influencing techniques. Worst of all, innumerable lives have come to a horrifying and ghastly end simply because of conflicting beliefs†¦ and there is no end in sight. Religion, as it has developed, has become harmful, and, c ontrary to its original purpose, a terrible burden to society. All religions, no matter who believes in them or where they originated, are convinced that they are the primary source of all correct thought and righteous action. It is widely known that, no matter who is preaching to you, they are telling you that what they believe is the truth. The fact is that all religions began as word of mouth or a generalized belief. These have been put into writing, rewritten, translated, outdated and rewritten once again. Its not likely that everything in such scriptures should be taken as the absolute truth, with no room for compromise or alternative. Believably, thousands of facts that could clarify a topic were lost in the process of doing exactly that. Such views of absolute and total engagement with the scriptures will mask the true meaning of the religion as a whole, and will deter the logical reasoning and thought processes incurred by reasonable doubt. Reality can no longer function in a place where there is no independent thought, and that is why so many people are misinterpreting their religion, and taking it far to literally. Errors in judgment, occurring over millennia, have resulted in terrible consequences to both believers and non-believers. When religion provides such simple answers to the most complex questions, it even demotes the research into and further development of our society as a whole. Without such answers we will remain  primal and inadequate, and our evolution may grind to a halt. Many religions are becoming wide-spread epidemics, as they are opening their arms and gathering those who would otherwise run astray. The culture in which one develops will (with some exceptions) solely determine one’s religion and, overall, their moral code and beliefs. When outside influences begin to affect these cultures, people begin to question themselves and all that they believe. This is what the media, the missionaries, and even local societies are developing into: a campaign of cultural uniformity. Christians, for example, have intruded on African soil for centuries, claiming that they are rescuing the countless souls from certain damnation. I am sure that what these independent (even secluded) societies really wanted to hear was that: if they do not believe in exactly what they are told to, they are doomed to spend an eternity in the fiery depths of Hell. Granted, there is a certain period of transition during the attempted conversions. This is a period where the Christian religion seems to adapt to and encircle the given culture, twisting its scriptures to properly conform to the situation. Yet, this is simply an easier method of religious transformation, and it shows no consideration for the subjected peoples or the catastrophic revolutions that they are about to be included in. Even the obvious presence of churches or the not-so-obvious clergy affects the mentality of those exposed to it. There appears to be no other alternative, and, therefore, society will bias their views according to those of the religion that engulfs them. Not all religions, nor all people of these religions, are as horrible as I may have portrayed them: quite the contrary. There are those who are ‘true believers’. They show a unique respect to peoples of other faiths and beliefs, and understand (more in retrospect than anything else) the trouble that fanatics of any religion may rouse. Their presence brings no consolidation, though, because these people have no real power. They are the ones that sit back and contemplate the whole purpose and meaning of their beliefs. It is the ones who want action (which may be seemingly positive, with a unbeknown negative impact) that are willing to step to the forefront and deliver the righteous justice this world has been awaiting. Insightful,  and truly ‘righteous’ individuals do tread our Earth, but all hope of their resurgence seems lost once it is realized that these people are a rare breed, and that mating season is long over. The amount of individuals massacred because of their beliefs is uncounted. Religion has served the purpose of allowing an excuse for very heinous criminal acts, which often occur in mass proportions. Our Christocentric society can only see one facet of a whole, and we regard the beings that worship such gods as Ala (SP) as horrible sadists when they kill in his name, yet this is the most prominent and ignorant form of hypocrisy to date. Many Christians unknowingly believe that, because they worship God and Jesus Christ, they have the given right to use His name to serve their own designs. This is likely one of the worst possible misinterpretations, and has inarguably the most irreversible consequences. Ruining other human lives, not only those of the ones that are killed, captured, raped, or tortured, but those of the loved ones close to them, is no honourable sacrifice. God (or any other true god-like being), would not condone such actions, even if it were for the sake of his children. Nations can instill massive propaganda campaigns, and pound the martyr-related beliefs into their citizens skull’s, with little or no retribution. The citizens (mostly those of the applied faith) will be convinced that their god wills these actions, and that it must be done for the sake of their future. The best example of this is the ‘Ku Klux Klan’, who has taken the Christian belief to a totally obscene level, and deciphered their base-religion in an unbearably clumsy manner. It seems a horrible fate, to be ordered (by your god, of course) to leave everything behind and quarrel over something that will so obviously never be resolved. With all of the trouble in our world today, its disconcerting to know that religion is a contributing factor. Even more so after we have been told of the attributed attainment, and the possibility of its bliss and sanctuary within our miniscule existence. All of our misguidings, misdirections and misinterpretations are being unraveled, and worsening throughout the course of time. This, and the subjective persuasion and manipulation we bestow upon ourselves will convey our impending death and destruction, as it may  inevitably continue to contribute to the spiraling degradation of our existence in this universe.

Public and social issues Essay

Slowly there was huge controversy regarding the manner in which domain names were allocated and provided registration by the NSI. There was a huge increase in the trademark disputes especially in the . com TLD domain. The IANA had no concern for legal issues over the domain name allocations. Hence, many nations including the US had concern over the allocation of domain names over the internet . In 1997, the management of several generic TLD’s were handed over to the International Ad Hoc Committee (IAHC). The organisation helped in framing 7 new generic TLD’s and ensuring greater amount of healthy competition in the second level domain names . The NSI and the IANA were together concerned with the development of a set of rules and regulations for the assignment of domain names. They developed a corporation that would have jurisdiction for the assignment of domain names throughout the world. This organisation (ICANN) also helped in the development of rules and regulations for the internet domain names. The US DOC also played a major role in the development of the ICANN. The final version of the bylaws by the ICANN was released on October 2, 1998, and released by the DOC. On November 1998, the ICANN and the DOC decidedly to jointly design rules, regulations, mechanisms and methods to ensure Domain name functions. The DOC and other organisations were interested in bringing about better competition and ensuring stability. The role of the US government was slowly being transferred to the ICANN. The NSI also changed its name to Verisign. It was concerned with developing a shared registration system and provides services under the generic TLD’s such as . com, . net, etc. Verisign has to sell certain number of registers in order to have authority of the . com register in 2001. However, some of the registries of Verisign and ICANN still are shared from May 2001. Verisign would operate various registries such as the . org registry till 2002, the . net registry till 2005, the . com registry till 2007. The ICANN has allocated the . org registry from 2002 to 2008 to Public Internet Registry and Verisign for the . net registry from 2005 to 2011 . The domain name has turned out to be a huge business model for several companies. The ads-per-click policy, which would ensure that advertisements placed in the domain name would make more money than the domain itself, would ensure that the domain is continued. On the other hand, if the cost of the domain is more than the advertisements, then the domain is ceased for the next year. There is also a five-day grace period (following registration), which ensures that anybody who has registered a wrong domain can go back and correct his/her mistake. Today, domain names are created and dropped at a very fast rate, and hence, people are in huge confusions. This is happening at a very fast rate, even faster than the rate trademarks are picked up and dropped. To ensure certain amount of control at the rate at which the domain names are picked up and dropped, the ICANN is monitoring several registries. It has given certain number of its registries to companies that can sell out domain name. Such companies are known as ‘registrars’, and they would usually be working on the . com and . net TLD. However, the ICANN has introduced a 5 day window period, which would allow the registering body to make changes or take back the domain name registration within a period of 5 days. The ICANN can also recommend the owner to make modify or even remove certain domain names registered during the window period. This would ensure that any illegal activities or potentially abuse over the internet can be prevented. At the same time, healthy competition can be encouraged over the internet . Since January 003, there has been a shift in the management of the . org TLD from Verisign to the Public Internet Registry, which is an organisation created in 2002 keeping the public internet in mind . During the mid-1990’s, the US government decided to shift several infrastructure and governance that the US government and the military had over the internet over to private bodies. The government felt that the main reason for implementing such policies were because the industry themselves can specialise in creating effective policies and ensure development and advancement through regulations and policies framed over internet. The US government also tried to install several institutional controls means to ensure that the private bodies that had certain governance over the internet. Several organisations such as the ICANN and the IAHC also felt that the international involvement was very important in developing a domain name policy.

Philosophy Of Leisure Essay

Recreation is the action of recreating (oneself or another), or fact of being recreated, by some pleasant occupation, pastime or amusement as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary. John Kelly finds that recreation is rooted in the Latin â€Å"recreation†, which refers to restoration or recovery. He says that the â€Å"term implies the re-creation of energy or the restoration of ability to function.† This way of looking at recreation points to the many beaches in use for recreation. But he also says that recreation â€Å"generally refers to more organized activity. Recreation is socially organized for social ends Richard Kraus argued that too much stress on the intrinsic and self-justifying nature of recreation ignores the fact that public recreation is in competition for financial support, for space, and for attention. Its purpose and results will be evaluated. Recreation is intended to be good for the people of a society in specific ways and is organized and supported with benefits expected. There are two elements of recreation. The first is that of restoration. Recreation is intended to restore us to wholeness, to health, for whatever purposes we may have. We do not recreate only to work. We recreate to live. Further recreation is itself a part of living and has its own value to us. The second element is that of social organization. Recreation has purposes and is organized for social ends. It is not just â€Å"for its own sake.† It differs from leisure in that recreation is not likely to be â€Å"anything, anytime, anywhere† if only we choose it for some personal satisfactions. John Kelly go on to analyze the rise of recreation in modern society as an institution of the social system required by the loss of time and space in which leisure could be integrated with the ongoing work and family life. Recreation had to be provided for, organized, and even taught. Recreation as a separate institutional component of the social scene is found for the most part in urbanized societies with a high degree of organizational complexity.   Leisure, on the other hand, in some form or forms is universal. Recreation is programmatic; it has organization and goals. It is a social phenomenon just as leisure is a human phenomenon.† Basically Kelly finds that recreation must have a reason, a destination, a purpose. Leisure can be done by anyone at anytime and be done anywhere. Although we have an instinct for play, as Dulles says, and we have a desire for leisure as Aristotle and Rybczynski maintain, only some of us have penchant for recreation and all its social ramifications. Some individuals view recreation as largely non-productive, even trivial. Excessive recreation is not considered healthy, and may be labeled as escapism. However, research has shown that recreation contributes to life satisfaction, quality of life, health and wellness, and that the use of recreation as a diversion may have clinical applications to individuals with chronic pain and other health impairments. In some cultures and religions, recreation is encouraged on certain days and discouraged on others. For example, in Judaism, the Shabbat is a day for recreation and relaxation, which has in turn influenced many Christian sects to use the Sabbath for the same purpose. However, some sects interpret the Sabbath to be a day where worship is done in lieu of recreation. Recreation is essential to the longevity of human beings, especially because it helps counteract stress. According to research cited in Time magazine, stress is a major factor in many of the leading causes of death in the United States. Recreational activities for children who have severe and multiple disabilities that affect both physical and cognitive functioning need training in activities that are age appropriate, satisfying and reinforcing. They should be taught activities that are enjoyable and are easy to perform and are initially associated with specific extrinsic reinforcement and rewards for them. The ultimate goal is that sufficient exposure to related activities would provide students with information to make choices and indicate preferences. These activities can also provide a means to socialize and spend time with peers in the community.   Play is the first and most basic notion of having fun. John Kelly states that â€Å"play is self-expression for its own sake.† and that â€Å"play is used to refer to such activity by children and leisure to adult participation. Kelly finds that â€Å"the term play comes from the Anglo-Saxon â€Å"plega† referring to a game, sport, or even a fight.† Basically, he found that play is non-serious in its nature, and although it may mimic real combat, it is only for the â€Å"satisfaction of the moment.† Further it seems that leisure and play are â€Å"defined by how we do it rather than what we do.† Leisure is the state of having time at one’s own disposal, time which one can spend as one pleases, and free or unoccupied time.Thorsten Veblen defined leisure, in 1899, as â€Å"nonproductive consumption of time.† Veblen said that the intent of leisure was different from work and was symbolic of high status because it did not create wealth. This use of leisure to show off wealth was referred to as â€Å"conspicuous consumption.† Aristotelian view that the goal of life is happiness, and that leisure, as distinguished from amusement and recreation, is the state necessary for its achievement. â€Å"It is commonly believed that happiness depends on leisure,† Aristotle wrote in his Ethics, â€Å"because we occupy ourselves so that we may have leisure, just as we make war in order that we may live at peace.† Social recreation requires a place to see and be seen. For why else would one be recreating, but to be seen by the people that could not afford to socially recreate? This is the basic idea of â€Å"conspicuous consumption.† Because there has to be a place to be seen, the summer vacation to a seaside, amusement park, or outdoor place became a popular venue to have social recreation. Recreation can either be active and passive. Active recreation can includes amusement parks, ballparks, speedways, yacht clubs, canoe parks, golf courses, and more. Passive recreation can include park walking, camping, beach lounging, watching a ball game, or a wide host of other activities. Outdoor recreation will include elements, such as golf courses, parks, and camps. Parks are limited to the most massive parks with some element of recreation included in them. Camp sites were used as daytrips and short vacation sites. Sporting recreation has passive and active elements. Watching an event is certainly an active one for anyone who has watched sports, but would seem like a passive happening compared to those that are competing. As services to treat drug abusers are increasingly being challenged, there is a growing recognition of recreational therapy and therapeutic recreation as substance abuse treatment. This is particularly true in preventing former abusers from relapsing. The substance-abuse problem in our society remains a predominant concern as it affects a greater number of young individuals. Often left with little or no adult supervision because of current lifestyle demands, more and more young people turn to alcohol and drugs as a means of relieving boredom, peer acceptance, and recreation alternatives. Many of those who are substance abusers as teens or children remain dependent throughout their twenties and thirties, some for the rest of their lives.   Therapeutic recreation programs endeavor to structure healthy, beneficial leisure and recreation activities while educating the individual who is substance dependent about alternatives to drugs and alcohol consumption during his or her leisure time. Through appropriate interventions, the therapeutic recreation specialist may help retrain negative thoughts and determined behaviors. Leisure education programs may assist clients in learning new coping strategies as well as gratifying, non-substance-related methods of engaging in leisure activities. The greatest potential for substance abuse among young people and adults is during their leisure time either after school or during non-working hours. The fact that certain leisure activities may present high-risk situations that can trigger a relapse in those persons actively abstaining from substances. High-risk leisure situations include leisure-based situations that pose a threat to an individual’s sense of control in maintaining sobriety. For example, if an alcohol-dependent individual went bowling in a facility where alcohol beverages were served, the bowling facility could then be considered a high-risk leisure situation. If the person is able to implement an effective coping response to high-risk leisure situations, the chance of relapse decreases considerably. Theory-based therapeutic recreation programs, specifically designed to address leisure-related social and psychological needs, can play a pivotal role in helping substance-dependent individuals maintain sobriety and ameliorate the relapse syndrome. In conclusion it is important to learn how to participate in recreation activities at home, in school, and in the community individually or as a group this increases social skills that are necessary to function appropriately and as independently as possible. References Rybczynski Witold, 1991.Waiting for the Weekend. New York: Viking. Kelly, John R, 1982. Leisure. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall. Beck, A. T. Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S, 1993. Cognitive therapy of substance abuse. New York: Guilford Press. Kunstler, R., 1992. Therapeutic recreation’s role in treating substance abuse. Parks and Recreation. http://maverickphilosopher.powerblogs.com/posts/1203475304.shtml