The Liberal Party of Canada essays

The Liberal Party of Canada papers What does the Liberal Party bring to the table to Canadians? In the fall of 2002 Jean Chrtien, Prime Mister and pioneer of the Liberal Party reported that he was wanting to step down. The catch was he was going to step down after he had cleaned up Canada. In the Speech of the Throne he set various objectives, to achieve before his renunciation. His three principle objectives were to modernize human services, support subsidizing to the military and endorse the Kyoto Protocol. Chrtien and the Liberals offer a functioning and positive change and an expansion in spending on significant issues. Chrtiens first activity is to sanction the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol requires a sensational decrease of exhaust cloud discharges. All Chrtien is requesting is for Canadians to protect their homes, change their driving propensities and mood killer the lights when they leave the room. His recommendation for enhancements for vehicles was to utilize gasohol which consumes all the more gradually, coolly, and totally. This outcomes in diminished emanations of carbon dioxide and different outflows. Vehicles with a cross breed motor are another other option; they run half on gas and half on power and are self charging. Sun based controlled houses can even bring in cash for you in the event that you can produce more power than you use. Mortgage holders can change to halogen or bright lights, turn off their VCRs, utilize front burden clothes washers and protect their windows. As consolation some common governments have given compensations for property holders who can cut their dischar ges. Additionally the government is offering pay to organizations that are harmed the most. These little things will assist Canada with lessening its discharges. Chrtien has so far been known to cut subsidizing in the military. He has cut a great deal of financing and moved it to different divisions. Then the quantity of missions has nearly significantly increased. Somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2002 Canadas military has had 79 missions, yet in the 41 y... <!

International Trade - Definition, Meaning Term Paper

Universal Trade - Definition, Meaning - Term Paper Example Business incorporates every one of those exercises, which are associated with exchange and helpers to exchange, for example, transport, warehousing, protection, and banking and account. In 1980 just 25 percent of the fares of creating nations were made; by 1998 this had raised to 80 percent Davis and Weinstein show that creating nation sends out are without a doubt currently work concentrated. This is a bewildering change over a brief period. The creating nations that have moved into produces exchange are very assorted. Generally low-pay nations, for example, China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka have produced shares in their fares that are over the world normal of 81 percent. Others, for example, India, Turkey, Morocco, and Indonesia, have shares that are close to as high as the world normal. Another significant change in the example of creating nation sends out has been their generous increment in fares of administrations. In the mid 1980s, business administrations made up 17 percent of the fares of rich nations yet just 9 percent of the fares of creating nations. During the third flood of globalization, the portion of administrations in rich nation sends out expanded marginally to 20 percent-yet for creating nations the offer nearly multiplied to 17 percent. What represented this move Partly it was changing financial arrangement. Duties on produced merchandise in created nat ions kept on declining, and many creating nations attempted significant exchange progressions. Simultaneously, numerous nations changed obstructions to outside speculation and improved different parts of their venture atmosphere. Halfway it was because of proceeding with specialized advancement in transport Containerization and airfreight brought an impressive accelerating of transportation, permitting nations to take an interest in global creation systems. New data and correspondences innovations mean it is simpler to oversee and control geologically scattered flexibly chains. Also, data based exercises are weightless so their sources of info and yields (digitized data) can be dispatched at for all intents and purposes no expense. A few examiners have proposed that new advances lead to the passing of separation subverting the benefit of agglomeration. This is likely evident in a couple of exercises, while for different exercises separation is by all accounts getting much increasingly significant for instance, the nearness prerequisites of without a moment to spare innovations. The OECD agglomerations keep on having huge cost focal points and mechanical change may even be expanding these advantages.â â

How CINDERELLA and Fairytale Magic Saved Me From Myself

How CINDERELLA and Fairytale Magic Saved Me From Myself Audrey Hepburn once said, “If I’m honest I have to tell you I still read fairytales and I like them best of all,” and there are few things in life that I relate to more than those words. Since the 19th century, fairy tales have become synonymous with children’s literature and associated as being solely for children, even though they were originally written for adults, and despite the fact that the wisdom and morality in these tales often only come into focus upon reaching adulthood. It pains me whenever I see fairytales dismissed as juvenile or immature, no matter what the tale, because nothing has guided me through life quite the same way as fairytales have, no matter how old I am. As Friedrich Schiller put it, “Deeper meaning resides in the fairy tales taught to me in my childhood than any truth that is taught in life.” From Sheldon Cashdans The Witch Must Die: The Hidden Meaning of Fairy Tales I guess you can say I’ve never really “grown up.” I only recently figured out that I’ve always had a deeply rooted anxiety surrounding growing up and having life become more complicated than hiding away in my room with books and stuffed animals. When I was younger, I never had a yearning to leave behind the simple, innocent things of childhood that everyone is supposed to outgrow at one point or another. I never stopped watching The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. And as I did start to inevitably grow up and begin to face the pressures and uncertainties of adult life, I became so overwhelmed to the point of periods of intense anxiety and depression. To quote the lyrics of Taylor Swift, “I never grew up. It’s getting so old.” Long before I was equipped with the proper tools to deal with this anxiety, I would always turn to the fairytales of my childhood in times of high stress, because for me, stress did not exist in childhood. To me, in childhood, everything felt certain and nothing went wrong. Returning to the blissful innocence of my childhood was one of the only ways I self-soothed from the anxiety that was piling up from my impending launch into adulthood. After all, I was always good at keeping myself innocent: I believed in Santa Claus until I was 14 years old. I refused to grow up, but that can only last so long. “I wanted to stay like Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz,” once said Judy Garland. “Life wasn’t as complicated then. But I can’t help myself growing up. No one can. Life won’t stop and life won’t stand still. But I have a feeling if I just look backward once in awhile at Dorothy, if I am off beat in any way, I will get back on the sound track again.” My lifelong love of fairytales and tendency to use them as a security blanket to avoid adult life resulted in a passionate interest in how they were being interpreted by the modern world. A class on fairytales in college eventually led me to read Peggy Orenstein’s Cinderella Ate My Daughter. In this book, the author pulls back the curtain on what she calls the rise of “the new girlie-girl culture,” critiquing the ways in which she believes third-wave feminism has been hijacked by capitalismâ€"and has brainwashed Western culture into believing Disney princesses are empowering figures your daughters should look up to, when Orenstein believes these princesses are degrading and unhealthy for young girls, since they represent the patriarchal oppression of all women. A few months later, I read Jerramy Fine’s In Defense of the Princess, which is essentially the antithesis to Cinderella Ate My Daughter. Fine argues that while Orenstein is partially correct to argue that princesses represent patriarchal oppression, they also have a multitude of genuinely empowering and relatable qualities that young girls should definitely admire and look up to: dreaming big, finding the value in being misunderstood, and not letting others keep you downâ€"on top of the universally admirable traits of love and kindness. Analyzing everyone from Cinderella to Princess Diana, Fine writes that feminism reaches an impasse when we are constantly devaluing femininity and failing to consider more positive values of princess culture that have indeed stood the test of time. In “What’s Wrong with Cinderella?,” a 2006 essay published by Orenstein in The New York Times that laid the groundwork for Cinderella Ate My Daughter, the author ponders that very question, which was asked by her daughter. Orenstein, who had become fed up of the constant gendering of children’s toys which she believes brainwashes young girls into loving pink and princesses, told her, “It’s just, honey, Cinderella doesn’t really do anything.” This sweeping generalization surrounding the old-school Disney princesses “not really doing anything” started to emerge with the advent of more “empowering” princesses in the third-wave, such as Pocahontas or Mulan. And while Cinderella does, on many levels, represent the patriarchal oppression of women, she has also come to be seenâ€"in the minds of critics like Orensteinâ€"as the epitome of the damsel in distress who needs a man to save her, a trope that has supposedly left an indelible mark on our culture. But Cinderell a didn’t need anyone to save her. Cinderella saved herself, and she saved me. Depression can be a funny thing. As much as it can strip you of the will to get out of bed each morning, it can also make you consider things from a different perspective. In the winter of 2018, I was depressed. There was a lot going on, and there were a lot of unresolved issuesâ€"mostly with anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorderâ€"coming to the surface all at once. Around this time, I watched Disney’s 2015 live-action version of Cinderella and although I had seen it many times before, it was suddenly as if I was experiencing the fairytale for the first time. Since studying feminism in an academic setting and reading books like Cinderella Ate My Daughter, I’ve believed that Cinderella gets a bad rap as the face of everything that’s wrong with feminismâ€"as if she is in fact some damsel who “doesn’t really do anything” until a prince comes along and saves her. But if you really think about it, Cinderella didn’t need anyone to save her, and especially not in the 2015 live-action film. Cinderella saved herself by keeping a relentlessly positive attitude in the face of bullying and abuse at the hands of people she was supposed to call family. Against the most impossible odds, she told herself that we all must have courage and be kindâ€"even when others are anything but. And it was that kindness, courage, and strength that rewarded her in the endâ€"a kindness and courage that is supposedly degrading for women and dismissed as “not really doing anything.” I’ve always been called a pessimist, because that’s who I am. It’s always been easier for me to dwell in negativity and prepare myself for the inevitability of disappointment. Optimism and positivity just don’t come naturally to me. But when I was depressed, pessimism and negativity only pulled me further and further down into the bell jarâ€"and that’s when I learned that Cinderella was right. They say that nothing in life is free, but that’s not true. Kindness is free. Love is free. At any given time, every single one of us is silently coping with our own scars, and just a little bit of love, patience, and understanding goes so farâ€"even for the evilest of stepmothers. It might sound like a very simplistic and childlike view of the world, but Cinderella telling herself to have courage and be kind helped me immensely in summoning my own inner strength to overcome what also felt like impossible odds. Be the one that rescues you, and through the clouds you’ll see the blu e. Those who don’t believe in magic will never find it. You might meet some people who will tell you that they believe children don’t need fairytalesâ€"some find them inappropriate, violent, or merely insipidly frivolous and not worth children’s time. Some believe they’re degrading and unhealthy for young girls. But Albert Einstein disagreed, once saying, “If you want your children to be intelligent, read them fairy tales. If you want them to be more intelligent, read them more fairy tales.” And we can’t forget Bruno Bettelheim, a psychoanalyst who famously argued in his landmark book The Uses of Enchantment that children need the dark material of fairytales to help them symbolically make sense of the deeply rooted anxieties that dominate and control their worldâ€"and this I can personally confirm. Fairytales are more than fairytales: they are stories that are universally applicable to all human beings, no matter what age, race, gender, or background that contain hidden pieces of magic to help us name and face our own monsters â€"and that’s why they’ve endured for centuries. We just have to believe in them so that their magic might work on us. In the words of Neil Gaiman, “Fairy tales are more than true: not because they tell us that dragons exist, but because they tell us that dragons can be beaten.” via Tumblr

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Human Metabolome - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1145 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? The negative effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity and performance in cognitive tasks have been studied for generations. However, loss of sleep also has a significant impact on the manifestation of various diseases and metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes) and cardiovascular disease. This is why for this assignment I have picked a paper that focuses on the effect of acute sleep deprivation on metabolomic profiles of patients (Davies et. al. 2014). The study used untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography (LC)/MS metabolomics to examine the effect of acute sleep deprivation on plasma metabolite rhythms. Characterization of plasma metabolites has revealed that lipid and acylcarnitine levels were significantly increased during acute sleep deprivation. Overall, 27 metabolites (tryptophan, serotonin, taurine, 8 acylcarnitines, 13 glycerophospholipids, and 3 sphingolipids) were increased after 24 hours of wakefulness. The levels of all metabolites changed during the 24 h wake/sleep cycle and clear daily rhythms were observed in most cases. Moreover, these rhythms were less apparent after 24 hours of wakefulness, which speaks to the significance of sleep for metabolic processes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Human Metabolome" essay for you Create order The significance of this study is enhanced by the fact that this is the first study focused on characterization of the 24 h rhythms of metabolic processes during the wake/sleep cycle and the changes occuring during the wakefulness period. There have been previous studies which used transcriptomic data to show that rhythmic gene expression may be affected by sleep deprivation or sleep restriction. However, metabolic profiling studies are best used for the purpose of characterising changes in specific molecular phenotypes associated with sleep deprivation (rather than inferring the changes in the metabolome from the transcriptome). Participants For the purpose of this study, twelve healthy young males were selected and monitored in carefully controlled laboratory conditions. The controlled variables included environmental light, sleep, meals, and posture during a 24-h wake/sleep cycle, followed by 24 h of wakefulness. Method The present study uses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to ascertain the concentrations of plasma metabolites and link the changes in these concentration to the wake/sleep cycle rhythms. As suggested in the name, LC-MS combines the physical separation of molecules using liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). The coupling of the two technologies provides higher accuracy in identification of structural identity of the individual components with high molecular specificity and detection sensitivity. In the first step (liquid chromatography) solubilized compounds are passed through a column packed with a stationary phase. The needed molecules in the mobile phase (which have the affinity for the stationary phase) get stuck on the solid stationary phase, while other molecules pass through the column freely. This effectively separates out the needed compounds based on their weight and affinity. LC is usually used the separate large non-volatile molecules such as proteins. However, the accuracy of this separation is not high enough for some purposes (for example for identifying isomers). This is where the next step, mass spectrometry, comes in. The sample passes into the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. In simple terms, a mass spectrum measures the masses of molecules within a sample. Mass spectrometry allows to provide structural identity the the individual components of the product that has already been filtered using LC. There is also a modification of LC, which is called HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The idea behind this method is using a higher pressure ranging from 50-350 bar to separate out the molecules. Findings An unexpected result of this study is that in comparison with the number of ions and metabolites showing time-of-day rhythms (basically significant changes in expression of these metabolites during the day), fewer ions/metabolites were significantly changed when comparing the normal wake/sleep cycle to the 24 h during sleep deprivation (only 27 metabolites out of 171 were significantly different between the sleep and sleep-deprivation periods). All of these metabolites were increased during the sleep deprivation phase of the experiment, so it is possible that sleep has an inhibitory effect on synthesis of these metabolites. One of the metabolites which has shown increased levels after a 24 h wakefulness period is serotonin. This is an important finding because serotonin is known to be involved in both sleep cycle regulation and depression. Low levels of serotonin and reduced serotonergic neurotransmission are strongly associated with major depressive disorder, so if sleep deprivation over a short period of time (24 h) has shown to increase serotonin levels, this might provide a new avenue of clinical research. The amino acid tryptophan, which is vital for the formation of serotonin and melatonin, has shown significantly increased levels during acute sleep deprivation. This is in line with previous studies, which have indicated that tryptophan is an effective cure for major depressive disorder. It may be possible that the antidepressive effect of acute sleep deprivation is linked to the increased circulating levels of tryptophan, serotonin, taurine, and melatonin, and this subject deserves further investigation. Limitations The protocol described in the study allows identification of only metabolites that show increase or decrease in levels after a short period of time (less than 24 h) and do not show the changes in levels which occur over longer periods of sleep deprivation (longer than 24 h) or during repeated sleep deprivation (chronic partial sleep deprivation). Future applications Sleep deprivation has been previously shown to have an antidepressant effect. In line with this, the authors observed increased levels if serotonin, tryptophan and taurine after 24 hours of wakefulness. Therefore, the results of this study may have potential application in diagnostics and treatment of major depressive disorder, and perhaps even a series of related conditions, such as depressive disorders (seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, postpartum depression). In general, the metabolomics approach presented in the paper is a step toward understanding the metabolic pathways involved in regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Determination of the impact of factors such as sleep on the metabolome could lead to future metabolic profiling-based studies aimed at identification of biomarkers of disease and drug effects. Conclusion The study has presented a n implementation of a method for identification of plasma metabolites that were significantly altered during acute sleep deprivation. It has been shown that 27 metabolites (mainly lipids and acylcarnitines, serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine) were increased during sleep deprivation. This study has provided me with some insight into why I might be able to not sleep for short periods of time, such as a 24h period investigated in the study. I myself do not know anyone who tried treatment of major depressive disorder using sleep deprivation, and the fact the people I do know that have it have told me that during the acute phase of MDD they tend to fall asleep for long periods of time and in generally sleep no less than 12 hours. It may be possible that this is in fact directly link to the cause for their disorder, and it is possible that the method suggested in this paper would help them.

qualitative and quantitative research methods - 1823 Words

Psychological Research Methods: Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the underlying epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. It will address the different epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and aim to give you a brief overview of the two main research methods underlying scientific knowledge. Qualitative research is often only defined in contrast to Quantitative research; That is, it does not involve statistics, nor does it depend on the level of objectivity that characterises the†¦show more content†¦Ponterotto (2005) further states that the aim of quantitative research is the prediction, and control of variables that can be expressed as mathematical formulas to determine functional relationships. These differing ontological approaches bring to pass differing methodological approaches. Methodology refers to the processes and procedures of the research. Research methods used include observation, interviews, focus groups, surveys, case studies, questionnaires and analysis of text (Ponterotto, 2005, p.132). Observational research is non-experimental research where a researcher observes ongoing behaviour. It can be unstructured, semi-structured, structured, participant or non-participant (Wellington Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). Some limitations to this type of research are language and cultural barriers as well as the risk of observer bias, with one of the advantages being that the researcher gains access to information they normally wouldn’t have. Observation is typically used in qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research prior to designing questionnaires (Wellington Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). As with observation, interviews and focus groups can be structured, semi-structured and unstructured, and can use photographs, notes, videos and tape recordings to improve data quality. Interviewing allows the researcher to guide andShow MoreRelatedQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analyses characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical measurements. Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and methods, such as frequency, quality, amountRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods1285 Wor ds   |  6 Pages Qualitative and Quantitative Research Ravi Teja Mora Dr. Jimi Peters Research Methods Stratford University â€Æ' Qualitative and Quantitative Research Introduction There has been a widespread of debate in recent years regarding the quantitative and qualitative research methods, wether one or the other has to be emerged as superior. Although there have been so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitative researchRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals are confused about or not aware of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Some think those terms can be used interchangeably. Describe the key features (up to 5) that distinguish quantitative research from qualitative research. Provide examples to demonstrate your main points. Firstly, qualitative and quantitative research methods are used for different purposes. Quantitative methods try to explain and make predictions, confirm and validate an existingRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pages3.2 Research Methods â€Å"Quantitative and Qualitative† were the two principal approaches in psychological research currently (Bavelas, 1998). Quantitative research is concerned with applying statistical approaches to test hypotheses. Statistical methods are to consider as the analysis of data, it normally concerned with â€Å"probabilistic model† as a background. (Sibson, 1999), the prominent characteristic of probabilistic model is as the analysis of data was collected, which is considered about â€Å"mean,Read MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods1694 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will outline quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide illustrations in the context of some social issues, which will hopefully offer insight into how each method is properly applied. Social issues around the world are very broad and diverse. They are usually made up of issues or concerns which directly or indirectly affect a person or a certain group of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies or both and are related to moral values, thereforeRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods871 Words   |  4 Pagessociology, researchers can use a different range of research methods to acquire new data. The various forms of research methods include surveys, ethnomethodology, experiments and documentary research. A common distinction is often made in sociology between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods intend to measure social phenomena by using mathematical methods and statistical analysis. On the other hand, qualitative methods mean to collect rich, detailed data, allowing forRead MoreResearch On Quantitative And Qualitative Methods2146 Words   |  9 Pages Regina Merriweather 5/19/2016 Question #1- Research (Program Outcomes 3 and 5) Part A: Quantitative and qualitative methods differ from one another as to their research design elements as listed below: †¢ Research methods purposes; †¢ Types of sampling; †¢ Data collection procedures; †¢ Data analysis techniques; and †¢ Conclusions that can be drawn from data analysis. Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative methods on each of the elements listed. Please use scholarly, academicRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Methods Of Research Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Quantitative versus qualitative (Lichtman, M. 2006) It is true that most of the management in the business world go for mixed methodologies in order to attain comprehensive and accurate findings of the research. Having said that there are pros and cons of both the methods that are taken into account by the management in order to achieve set goals and overcome hindrances in the business. Qualitative method of research is a speedy process that provides fresh and inventive results with in- depth analysisRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods1039 Words   |  5 PagesThis research project followed a multipronged approach combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods. After addressing the sample size and exclusions, the second section of Part I examines the strengths and shortcomings of the qualitative research methods, including the interviews and the on-site observations of fresh evidence matters. Finally, I hope to demonstrate why it was necessary to turn to the source of the case la w to mine the raw data to sustain my working hypotheses.

Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs Free Essays

Assignment 303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 B Leaflet 1. 3 2. 1, 2. 2 3. 2, 3. 3 C Reflective account 2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5 Question Booklet Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. (8 marks) |Explanation |Example | |Diversity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inclusion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Discrimination | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (16 marks) An individual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Their families | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wider society | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those who discriminate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. (9 marks) Way of challenging |How this will promote change? | |discrimination | | |1. | | | | | | | | | | | |2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Task B Leaflet Bi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion. Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1. 2. Task C Reflective account Ci Write a reflective account describing: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words How to cite Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs, Papers

Sake Of Easiness Understanding Calculation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sake Of Easiness Understanding Calculation? Answer: Introduction Life cycle costing (LCC) is the cost associate with a project or product over the life of its use[1]. Net present value (NPV) is the estimation of some speculation over the timeframe. NPV gives data with respect to the estimation of cash after some time, so it is also called time value of money. In current case, we shall discuss the LCC NPV for buying options (financing / own cash) available for a new car. In this report we shall understand the above discussed factors using the buying options of a new car. The buying options which shall be evaluated are the loan from a reputable car financing institution and the Using own funds and shall see which option is more profitable or advisable. All the required assumptions as per the ground conditions and the latest available information are used to calculate the same. The spreadsheet attached with the report shall show the calculation in detailed. Assumptions I selected the car Hyundai Elantra (1591 CC) for my family and own use at 81,999[2] Singapore Dollar (SGD) as base rate. The total value of the car shall be shown in the spreadsheet where all other cost heads are calculated to derive at the total cost of car. There are two options of getting the finance for buying car: Option 1: using loan from reputable financial institution that provides for car, like Standard Chartered Bank which provides the lowest rate of interest at around 2.68%[3]. In this case the down payment is required to be done for obtaining the balance amount as loan from financial institution. So let the down payment be 50,000 SGD and the balance shall be taken from bank as loan. Option 2: the second portion is using the own finance and spend the money already available. The total cost which is required to be spent to buy the car shall be done in spreadsheet. The maintenance cost for the car is zero for the first year due to the policy of the company to provide free maintenance for year 1 and after that the maintenance is required to be done at own cost only and company shall not bear any cost, all the labor and material cost shall be bared by the buyer. List of costs In this section, we shall discuss regarding the expected expenditures which we are required to do for purchasing a new car in Singapore. The probable head of the cost of a car are[4] shown below: Base rate of the car: the rate which is actually being charged by the company and the cost which adds to the balance sheet of Hyundai to calculate the profit and loss sheet at the end of each cycle. The base rate as provided in the official website of a dealer for the Hyundai Elantra was 81,999 SGD. Certificate of Entitlement (COE): it is the cost of getting a license to drive the car on road for around 10 years period. It has some range of cost; the cost depends on the volume of engine or engine capacity and the horse power of the engine. For the selected car, the value is around SGD 36,000 (generally it is considered in the car rate, but in this case we shall show it as head to add more items) Road Tax: the tax given to the government for the maintenance of the roads is fixed for 10 years of tenure from the date car is purchased. The fixed rate of road tax is 7440 SGD. COE and PARF Rebate: These returns are introduced by the government to have a check on the environmental conditions and always motivate the owners to scrap the vehicle within 10 years of time to get this rebate. We shall neglect this rate for the calculation sake, as we dont know the time of usage. Auto Insurance: it is the insurance we do by transferring the risk to other third party. The risks are like death, damage, injury, theft, fire and medical cost from any probable accident. Even though the rate of car insurance depends on the present value of car and accordingly the premium of the insurance also decreases. But without getting into the reduced insurance factor, we are considering a fixed 13,000 SGD expenditure for the insurance once for next 10 years. Total on road cost: the new car Hyundai Elantra can be bought by incurring all above costs as discussed. Generally all the cost of the car on road can be calculated by adding up all the heads the base rate, COE and Insurance. The value obtained by adding the above items is 138,439 SGD. Total Car Loan Value: this head shall be applicable in case of the loan and not used in case the total finance arrangement is done by own. The bank considered for the case is Standard Chartered Bank with rate of interest 2.68%. The loan amount depends on the amount of down payment we can do by using own fund. The more we do the down payment the less will be the interest amount. So, in this case we considered the down payment is done for 50,000 SGD. Maintenance Cost: the maintenance cost is expected to be 1000 SGD from the 2nd year on wards, the policy of Hyundai is providing free maintenance for the 1st year. Sources for all items The sources from where few of the cost back-ups are developed as follows: The cost of loan from the Standard Chartered Bank @ 2.68% The rate of the car (Hyundai Elantra) is obtained for the below source: Now the, discount rate of the banks at Singapore is: Treatment of car resale The resale value of the car depends on the depreciation rate of car applicable in the country. The depreciation rate can be calculated as[5]: Annual Depreciation = (Total Cost of Hyundai Elantra Sale Value of Hyundai Elantra) / Number of Years in Service The resale value of a car in Singapore mainly depends on the make of the car, engine capacity of the car, type of vehicle, COE and the registration cost[6]. So the resale value of the car shall also take in to consideration the depreciation rate. The depreciation rate per year = (138439 SGD 0) / 10 = 13844 SGD After considering the factors affecting it, the resale value of Hyundai Elantra after 5 years shall be 1,38,439 SGD 5x13,844 = 69,219 SGD Use of NPV process The NPV (Net Present Value) is the distinction of the present estimation of the item or the thing which can get its inflow (or create income by offering it) and the present estimation of surge (considering every one of the things like support cost). The positive value of the NPV shows that the project or the product can be profitable and the negative value or the reducing value trend between the inflow and outflow means that the project is either totally on loss or it has tendency to go to loss. The basic calculation in the worksheet is based on the above NPV method. Discount rate It is the percentage of rate the central bank or the regulatory bank charges form all the banks which lend money to the loan taker. This charge is regulated by the central bank. The rate of discount in Singapore for taking any loan is 1.17%[7]. In current report also we shall use the data obtained. So, let the discount rate of the calculation shall be used as 1.17% Conclusion By considering all the above data and assumptions to buy Hyundai Elantra using the payment option of one is using the loan from bank and the other is by own funds, it can be concluded that the NPV obtained for the product life cycle is positive in both the cases. In both the cases the NPV obtained is positive, that means buying a car in Singapore is always profitable (cost of diesel, petrol, average running kilometers are not considered for the calculation). But when we compared between the two options by taking loan from bank and the other using own funds, we found that the NPV of using own fund is generating less positive figure than the by taking loan from bank. The NPV for using own fund is 327,258 SGD and the NPV of by taking loan from bank is 404,251 SGD. So, to buy Hyundai Elantra, taking loan from car financing institute is always advisable. References Catapult Ventures Pte. "Get The Best Car Loans Interest Rates for 2017 Now! ." https://www.moneysmart.sg. 2017. https://www.moneysmart.sg/car-loan (accessed September 11, 2017). DOE. "LIFE-CYCLE COST ESTIMATE." www.directives.doe.gov. 2017. https://www.directives.doe.gov/directives-documents/400-series/0430.1-EGuide-1-Chp23/@@images/file (accessed September 11, 2017). IndexMundi. "Singapore Central bank discount rate." https://www.indexmundi.com. 2016. https://www.indexmundi.com/singapore/central_bank_discount_rate.html (accessed September 11, 2017). Jan, Irfanullah. "Net Present Value (NPV)." AccountingExplained.com. 2013. https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/capital-budgeting/npv (accessed September 11, 2017). sgCarMart. "Hyundai Pricelist From Komoco Motors." https://www.sgcarmart.com. 2017. https://www.sgcarmart.com/new_cars/newcars_AD_pricelist.php?DID=14 (accessed September 11, 2017). Teh, Joe. "Singapore, use this calculator to check how much your car is worth." TechieLobang. May 22, 2014. https://techielobang.com/blog/2014/05/22/singapore-use-this-calculator-to-check-how-much-your-car-is-worth/ (accessed September 11, 2017). ValuePenguin. "Understanding How Car Value Depreciation Works in Singapore." www.valuepenguin.sg. 2017. https://www.valuepenguin.sg/understanding-car-value-depreciation-singapore (accessed September 11, 2017). Woodpecker Asia Tech PTE. "How much does a car really cost in Singapore?" www.gobear.com. 2017. https://www.gobear.com/sg/blog/how-much-does-a-car-really-cost-in-singapore (accessed September 11, 2017).

‘Toads’ and ‘Toads Revisited’ Comparison Essay Essay Example

‘Toads’ and ‘Toads Revisited’ Comparison Essay Paper Frogs and Toads Revisited are poems in Philip Larkin’s aggregation that describes both the fringe benefits and loads of a work life. Larkin’s position of work in ‘Toads’ is seen as a heavy burden whereas in ‘Toads Revisited’ . it is seen as something that keeps him occupied and helps him though life. ‘Toads Revisited’ was written after Larkin became a steadfastly established main bibliothec of the Hull Library and he had no farther to travel because he had already reached the top place. His attitude to work had undergone elusive alterations from eight old ages ago to Toads Revisited. In this verse form. Larkin has managed to get away from the humdrum of his desk. possibly during tiffin or interruption. He takes a walk around the park where he observes and sees more than he expects which triggers memories of the frog that used to crouch on him. Written eight old ages apart. the two verse forms reflect a sense of solitariness combine d with the alteration in Larkin’s attitude towards work and how it helped him subsequently in life instead than impede him. In ‘Toads’ . Larkin opens with a rhetorical inquiry with an image of an unpleasant frog crouching on his life. ‘Squatting’ is an unworldly and an about crude place to be in. Larkin compares the work burden he gets with a ‘toad’ which squats on his life as if to stool on him and ‘waste’ his clip. The usage of a simile in utilizing his ‘wit as a pitchfork’ suggests an thought of jabing to toad to seek and acquire it to travel from his life. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Toads’ and ‘Toads Revisited’ Comparison Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Toads’ and ‘Toads Revisited’ Comparison Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Toads’ and ‘Toads Revisited’ Comparison Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The frog is described as a ‘brute’ who bullies him by giving him tonss of work merely to do his life miserable. The thought of him working six yearss a hebdomad and merely holding one twenty-four hours off for remainder indicates how this was a long clip ago where people worked longer. The sibilance in the first two lines of the 2nd stanza suggests a hushing sound over his life and the craft of the frog. The dash indicates a sudden arrest where he contemplates the fact that he has been poisoned with work by this frog. Juxtaposition is incorporated in the 2nd stanza. Larkin refers to ‘toads’ . ‘pitchforks’ and ‘poison’ which relate to a supernatural presence and are associated with witchery. However. he so goes on to province ‘paying a few bills’ which returns the descriptions back to world. The exclaiming grade illustrates Larkin’s aggravation over how on the job incredibly difficult six yearss a hebdomad is non deserving ‘paying a few bills’ . Larkin describes this as ‘out of proportion’ . Larkin’s drama on the initial rhyme of ‘L’ in the 3rd stanza somehow makes the stanza sound farcical. The usage of lists that Larkin uses suggests how there’s a batch of people in the universe who rely on their common sense to gain a life. He himself writes poesy which is a contrast and he mocks the Hull University ‘lecturers’ . They do non needfully make anything. they merely have to talk and distribute the word to gain money. Peoples who are ‘louts’ and unworldly. uneducated bully neer stop up as ‘paupers’ . They ever tend to hold adequate money to feed themselves and a household without holding a frog crouching over their life. Larkin compares this to his ain life where he doesn’t merely rely on his ‘wits’ to gain a life but still has a ‘toad’ that sits on his caput like a heavy burden of work waiting to be done. The elan at the terminal of ‘lout’ indicates and ongoing list of people who live off their ‘wits’ without really making anything. The repeat of ‘lots of folk’ suggests how there are so many people who don’t have a frog shadowing their life and yet go on to populate. They live up ‘lanes’ which are non glamourous countries. they scavenge and eat the cheapest. long permanent nutrient s available such as ‘tinned sardines’ . The elan indicates the eternal list of their cost decrease techniques which they seem to bask so non mind holding to give so much in their lives. Furthermore. they can non afford to purchase their kids places. their married womans are every bit scraggy as greyhounds. likely from malnutrition but however. no 1 starves. Larkin’s usage of strong vocabulary such as ‘windfalls’ . ‘nippers’ and ‘whippets’ suggests how he is accustomed with the street idiom. The usage of rough linguistic communication suggests the abrasiveness of life on these streets. The word ‘starves’ between two underlines adds accent and that people go hungry but no 1 goes through famishment. Larkin besides does non conceal the thought that his difficult work goes to pensionaries. The thought of shouting ‘stuff your pension! ’ is a instead disrespectful idea towards aged people. enhanced by the exclaiming Markss. However. Larkin uses a quotation mark from Shakespearian literature. ‘the material that dreams are made on’ from the Tempest. Act 4. Scene 1 spoken as portion of Prospero’s ‘resignation speech’ refers to a scenario can merely be fantasised and wished. â€Å"Stuff† refers to the stuffs that go into making an semblance. non to the object of a wish. Regardless of his complains. Larkin understands and knows that something ‘toad-like’ exists in him every bit good and ‘squatsâ₠¬â„¢ within himself. Larkin’s drama on the initial rhyme of ‘h’ suggests the sound of heave and weightiness. The frog in him will neer let him to ‘blag’ his manner through acquiring all the things he wants in life. He is neer traveling to be able to agitate off work because of this frog in him that drives him to go on making everyday undertakings every twenty-four hours. He knows he will be invariably discontent and disgruntled with his life. With one frog sitting on his life and the other sitting inside him. Larkin states that the ‘spiritual’ truth of either truth is embodied by the other and that it is ‘hard to lose either. when you have both. ’ In Larkin’s instance. it was non merely hard to pull off both frogs but it was impossible to go on without them and Larkin would non hold been Larkin without his frogs. ‘Toads’ involves nine four line stanzas with an ABAB half rhyme strategy with an occasional true rime giving the verse form an consequence of limited construction yet uncertainness running through it. ‘Toads Revisited’ besides involves 9 stanzas with 4 lines each and uses half rimes on occasion uses a complete rime. It besides has a different rime strategy in comparing to ‘Toads’ . it is AABB alternatively of ABAB. In ‘Toads Revisited’ . Larkin would believe that being able to walk freely round this park would experience much bet ter than sitting at his desk. ‘The lake. the sunlight. the grass to lie on’ . a power of three is used to heighten the relaxing ambiance that nature brings to Larkin. The alliterative consequence of ‘b’ in ‘Blurred†¦Beyond black-stockinged’ suggests the consequence that barricading noise from the milieus have. He begins to detect life around him and he thinks it is ‘not a bad topographic point to be’ but it still doesn’t ‘suit’ him. Larkin can non conceive of being one of those ‘men’ who are old. ‘hare-eyed clerks’ with unstable occupations. ‘jitters’ who are alkies. drug nuts or war-wounded people. He can non believe of being one of those ‘waxed-fleshed’ people whose lesions are still ‘vague’ and hold merely left infirmary or being a individual in a ‘long coat’ . frequently tramps or tramps who walk around scavenging for nutrient. He believes they are all jumping their portion of the frog crouching on their lives by ‘being stupid or weak’ . In ‘Toads’ . Larkin listed the people who might be non-workers and here. he reflects his aggravation by constructing up a list or the type of people in the park at this clip. Able people should be at work ; they have no ground to be walking about in a park. ‘Think of being them! ’ suggests how Larkin views their life much easier in comparing to his and he tells us to conceive of life as them. However. he contradicts this by saying ‘Hearing the hours chime’ . utilizing initial rhyme of ‘h’ which highlights the ennui and sophistication in th eir lives. It is similar clip merely goes on and on and all the people walking around the park. who are non economically active. delay for the hours to travel by. Small events such as the ‘bread [ being ] delivered’ and the ‘children traveling home’ are used as clip markers which these people use to state what portion of the twenty-four hours it is. Each twenty-four hours as the hours pass. they wait for the following tie marker to get and transport on with a life where they do nil. The Sun being covered by ‘clouds’ produces a soft alliterative consequence combined with vowel rhyme which portrays how slowly clip base on ballss. It passes slow plenty for these people to watch the clouds base on balls the Sun and cover it with clouds. The repeat of ‘Think of being them’ suggests how Larkin really feels commiseration towards these people. A really Larkin sentence is incorporated in the 7th paragraph. ‘turning over their failures’ by a common garden bed of ‘lobelias’ . common flowers. In this stanza. Larkin reflects a intimation of solitariness ; ‘nowhere to travel but indoors’ and ‘no friends but empty chairs’ where apposition is used in a blue. alone mode to stand for the purdah that Larkin may hold been sing. Nonetheless. Larkin truly valued the minutes of his calling which he describes in the 8th stanza. He enjoyed being asked for things and enjoyed the company of his ‘loaf-haire d’ secretary. The dashs between the words ‘shall-I-keep-the-call-in-Sir’ illustrate repeat and is possibly something Larkin heard about every twenty-four hours. Regardless of how annoying it may hold been at the clip. he still prefers to be in the place he presently is in instead than be one of the people in the park. In the last stanza. Larkin references ‘lights come on at four’ which indicates the clip of the twelvemonth when the visible radiation have to be switched on by four in the afternoon. It begins to acquire darker earlier and this possibly symbolises how close decease is going. The thought of Larkin inquiring the frog for his ‘arm’ to tilt on to is like an old friend who is willing to assist him walk down the route. The way he is taking is down to the terminal of ‘Cemetery Road’ and basically. to decease. He understands he requires support and he realises that the frog was non all bad. Although in ‘Toads’ . the frog may hold squatted on his life but now. it was at that place to assist him through his life. Overall. Larkin’s sudden yet elusive alterations of his thoughts of work were chiefly due to these experiences. Both verse forms continue to stand for the frog as something revolting and filthy. However. in ‘Toads Revisited’’ . Larkin begins to gain that a life which involved a batch of difficult work and a frog knee bend over his life was non all bad. Without the frog in himself and the frog crouching on his life. he would hold been like the people in the park. a life style that would non hold suited him.

Violence in a Changing America essays

Violence in a Changing America essays Columbine, Co. Through the news we have witnessed the horror, gore and serious crime that has extended its influence even to the youth of small towns across America. America has experienced a cultural change where solid values no longer serve as a deterrent to crime. This spread may have resulted from the desensitizing media under the, If it bleeds, it reads. marketing ploy, or perhaps the rise of the Internet. However, occurrences such as those at Columbine illustrate the violence that plagues America. Universally, this town represents the insecurity Americans feel under our current gun control policies. We no longer live in the cleaver family 50s when streets and schoolyards were safe, door were left unlocked and windows unbarred. Changing times call for changing policies, enforcing stiffer laws and preventing the distribution of guns to violent criminals. Although, under the Clinton/Gore administration violent crime has decreased by 24 percent, both Bush and Gore recognize that the fight against lawlessness and violence has just begun. Our founding fathers structured the government to have three freedoms: life, liberty, and property. The one which influences the topic at hand is life. The government is responsible to ensure safety; from other countries through a high-powered military, through FDA regulations, through road safety laws and through police enforcement. At this point, the government has created a daunting military reputations, we are ensured healthy food and safe roads; however, most Americans, male or female are afraid to walk alone at night, even in small towns. Some children are afraid to go to school and some teachers fear their own students. With these fears come the failure of one of our founded freedoms: life. Americans recognize the threat of serious crime and the need for change. However, another fundamental founding feature of our nation impedes on the ...

Launching a new product for P&G in Nigeria Coursework

Launching a new product for P&G in Nigeria - Coursework Example In terms of age, Aussie Shampoo should be segmented for young adults, teenagers, and middle aged people. Aussie shampoo should be segmented for people aged between 15 and 55. 168.1 is the total population of Nigeria. Among them, 105 million people used to consume and utilize shampoo in their daily life. The organization is trying to target people of the young generation and middle aged individuals for newly launched Aussie Shampoo as social demand for these differentiated shampoo products is significantly increased among the target customers. Therefore, the organization is targeting these 105 million potential Nigerian consumers for their newly launched Aussie Shampoo. In terms of the gender segment, the organization should segment both male and female customers as the organization has differentiated its product line according to the characteristics and taste of people of both genders. There are near about 95 million consumers aged between 15 and 55 use shampoos. Among those consumer s, 75 percent are the females and 25 percent are males. Females generally focus on different segments in shampoo such as moisturizer shampoo, silky and real volume etc. On the other hand, 25 percent male consumers in Nigeria generally focus on quantity and quality of products. In terms of the income segment, the organization should segment people of middle class, upper-middle class, and upper-class income segments for Aussie Shampoo due to urbanization and rise of the middle-class income earner.

Diversity paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity paper - Essay Example " The emergence of diversity in the workplace has been brought about by the rapid changes and development in the domestic and global market. This current workforce strategy is seen as business organization's response in coming with the demands of the new business environment. Diversity hiring is the new trend in choosing the employees to work for an organization. As more and more companies are embracing this new system, more reports and empirical evidences are also reported which support direct hiring. This is their way of aligning their resources to take advantage of the present opportunities, generate revenues, increase market share, and squeeze more profits from their sales. Diversity in the workforce had also increased retention, recruitment, and promotion of employees as well as decreased litigation and complaints. This paper further look at how a business organization benefits from utilizing a diversified workforce. The rationale in favoring a human resource with different origins, backgrounds, interests, and status is fairly simple: diversity will is able to pool together various talents, ideas, skills, and knowledge which serves the highly diversified market served by a business institutions. The task then of an organization is to efficiently manage the different behavior of employees in a diversified workforce. ... Since childhood, we are taught that some things like colors, gestures, dress, and expressions are only attributable for a girl or for a boy. For example, pink is the color which is associated to a baby girl while blue is for a boy. The existence of double sexual standard in the community is also another huge factor shaping the behavior of both genders. It should be noted that double standards clearly delineate and dictate the actions which can be done by both genders. One of the most famous sexual double standard is the stud-slut dichotomy. Thus, the society has a definite expectation of how different members of both sexes. This, together with the environment of individual differentiates the behavior of male and female. Societies dictate that men are supposed to be more rational than women. Aggressive and dominant behavior is also strongly linked to being a man. Due to their physical structure, men are regarded for their strength and flexibility. These conceptions have largely influenced the behavior of men in our society. In business organizations, some jobs which require physical strength are only made available for men. Most executive level managerial positions are also being occupied by the male specie as women are regarded to have inferior ability. It had also become insulting for men to have women in high level management because they are more irrational. While men always behave as the stronger and more aggressive sex, women's behavior are more refined and nurturing. Women are expected to be nice-"never fights or argues, making negotiation and conflict-resolution (Vermuelen 2006)." Accordingly, these characteristics are still entrenched in the modern women. Females are less dominant, less aggressive, more assertive, and more in touch with their

Factors Affecting Human Intelligence Psychology Essay

Factors Affecting Human Intelligence Psychology Essay The objective of this context is to discuss human intelligence. To achieve the following sub titles constituted as guidelines for the discussion; anatomy of human of intelligence, theories of human intelligence and factors affecting human intelligence Anatomy of Human Intelligence Human nature has intelligence that governs the human mental ability and to as cognitive ability. Despite being a widely studied and debated topic there is still lack of a universal definition for intelligence because of its compound and many-faceted nature i.e it engages multiple areas of the brain, instead of just having one intelligence center. Intelligence facilitates the gaining of knowledge and consequent wide applications in solving problems. The roots of intelligence are biological and it is believed to have evolved over time and is connected to structure of the brain and its development in that the intelligence quotients are related to the brain volume (Frohlich, 2004). According to Sternberg (1981), psychologists and laymen agree that intelligent people are characterized by their capacity for solving problems, their expertise with language and their open-minded nature to innovation. According to Flinn et al (2004), the evolution of human intelligence has been so rapid compared to other species such that the human brain increased by about 250% in less than 3 million years. This is evidenced by remarkable behavioral changes of the past few generations. They further argue that the high evolution rates leading to greatest complexity in human are due to the demand of their environment citing ecological demands, such as hunting or climatic variability and selective pressures favoring other species compared to them. Research on human intelligence has become intense in trying to answer the several questions raised on basic structure and mechanisms of intelligence following the discoveries made in relation to genetics of intelligence and its functioning in the most recent stages of human development. In trying to classify intelligence, the following three classes were arrived at; social intelligence, natural or potential intelligence and academic intelligence. The social intelligence is a practical mode of intelligence used in making day to day life decisions in all fields. Natural or potential intelligence helps in acquisition of knowledge and cognitive abilities essential for easy interaction with the surrounding environment. The third form of intelligence is more of as measure of the cumulative levels of the former two types of intelligence describing the complexity of intelligence and is characterized by the IQ tests. Modern psychology classifies intelligence in two categories namely fluid int elligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence is mainly the use of self acquired knowledge through life experiences to solve challenges and crystallized intelligence is more like academic knowledge as it largely depends on long-term memory. However all these different forms of intelligence are dependent and do not operate in isolation (Colom Pueyo 2000). Theories of Human Intelligence In an endeavor to understand human intelligence, there are various theories advanced to explain it. They can be divided into the unilateral construct based on unitary entity of general intelligence and those based on multiple dissimilar activities. Some of the theories discussed below include Psychometric approach theories, Piagets stages of cognitive development, Sternbergs Triarchic theory of intelligence and Gardners multiple intelligences theory. Psychometric approach to understanding intelligence is the most used and is based on psychometric tests. Some of the theories advanced based on this include; Charles Spearman in 1904 came up with Two-factor Theory of intelligence as a way of measuring general intelligence using Tetrad Differences. His basic inputs were common sense (native capacity) and sensory discriminations. It stated that every test can be divided into a g factor and an s factor. Where the g-factor measures the general factor or common function among ability tests and the s-factor measures the specific factor unique to a particular ability test. This however had its limitations because the g factor showed that any cognitive ability regardless of how different they were had a positive correlation (Spearman, 1904). Following the shortcomings of Spearman, L.L. Thurstone came up with the Centroid method for modern factor analysis. Modern factor analysis took in seven orthogonal factors referred to as Primary Mental Abilities; verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical capability, spatial visualization, associative memory, speed of understanding and reasoning to yield multi factors, unlike Spearmans single factor yield (Thurstone, 1934). Raymond B. Cattel spotted a weakness in the former theories as a result of the use of single generation in trying to measure intelligence. He developed The Gf-Gc Theory measuring intelligence using fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc) to account for differences between children/adolescents and adults. The Gf represented the ability to discriminate and perceive relations while Gc represented the ability to differentiate earlier established relations using Gf. He supposed that crystallized intelligence increases gradually to old age where it slowly declines whereas fluid intelligence reaches a peak in adolescents and remains almost constant through adulthood (Carroll,1993). J. P. Guilford ventured more into the adulthood intelligence developing a Structure-of-Intellect model (SI model). The model had a 3-D cube shaped model with five categories of how the information is presented on a test, six operation categories of what is done on a test and six product categories of the form in which information is processed on a test. Upon conducting a test and filling all the categories, the point of intersection provides foundation for generating hypothesis of intelligence (Carroll, 1993). Using re-analysis of several data sets John B. Carrol proposed the Three Stratum Theory. This consists of three different levels of intelligence. The first layer represents narrow abilities that are highly specialized, the second level represents moderate abilities but in several areas and Spearmans concept was a sufficient representation for the third level (Carroll, J. B. 1993). The latest work using psychometric approach is the Cattel-Horn-Carrol (CHC) Theory. This is an amalgamation of The Gf-Gc theory, Horn theory and The Three-Stratum Theory. According to Horward Gardner (1999) psychometric tests had ignored other forms of intelligence of equal importance; that our minds handle different tasks using several cognitive mechanisms and not through a single centralized system. He therefore developed Theory of Multiple Intelligences basing his studies on both the normal and abnormal personnel coming up with eight different components of intelligence with the eighth one just added in 1999. Robert Sternberg came up with Triarchic Theory of intelligence based on three aspects of intelligence. These were creative intelligence (experiential), analytic (componential) intelligence and practical (contextual) intelligence; where analytical intelligence deals with academic brilliance, creative intelligence deals with insights, fusion and reaction to events while practical intelligence deals with acquiring knowledge, understanding and dealing with life challenges. He was of the opinion that general intelligence is only but part of analytic intelligence and therefore cannot give a full insight of intelligence. Following its use in evaluation of individual success in the modern times this has later been named as Theory of Successful Intelligence by Sternberg (Sternberg, 1984, p.271). Jean Piaget advanced one of the used theories in the development of school curriculums. He used the development approach in the study of intelligence. His view was that growing up is a process that has stages and every stage bracket has its maximum capabilities. The group stages of development he came up with are Sensimotor stage (0-2 years), preoperational stage (2-7 years), Concrete stage (7-11 years)Â  and formal operational stage (11 years and above). At Sensimotor stage (0-2) intelligence is based on perception and how other objects work, the thoughts occur mentally and cannot be expressed. In the preoperational stage (2-7 years) one learns to speak, image representation of objects with the thoughts being external. Concrete stage (7-11 years)Â  involves logic reasoning and thinking. The formal operational stage (11 years and up) is the final stage of development of human intelligence. His theory suggests that growth of intelligence is continuous process of assimilation and acc ommodation of new ideas and which lead to expansion of field of applications. Factors affecting Human Intelligence Human intelligence is affected by biological factors, environmental factors and ethical factors. Biologically genes pass cognitive abilities from parents to the children through the DNA. This is evidenced by a number of factors that include the correlation of IQs between an individual and the parent, hereditary brain diseases, similar IQs in identical twins, similarity in brain language areas among family members and cognitive skill such as verbal and spatial abilities, reaction times, and even some personality qualities, including emotional reactions to stress. Intelligence is connected to structure of the brain and its development in that the intelligence quotients are related to the brain volume. Since intelligence is affected by the brains some factors like ratio of brain weight to body weight, the ratio in for instance of brain weight to body weight in a fish is 1:5000 whereas in humans it is 1:50. Occasionally brains metabolic activity may lower intelligence for big brains. The size of the frontal lobe critically affects fluid intelligence tests Other factors affecting intelligence related to the brain include location of the grey matter tissue and its volume and the overall thickness of the cortex (Colom Pueyo, 2000). Environmental effects are affect intelligence of human population both at individual and group levels. Some environmental factors are either enhanced or suppressed by the genes of the individual. The social set up has impacts on the level of intelligence attained by an individual as it dictates things like what he does, what he values and how he lives. This is attested by the different level of intelligence of different communities living in different locations say urban-rural places. Their different tend to improve one aspect of intelligence compared to the other set up. Occupation of individuals also tends to affect their intelligence depending with the scope pr demand of their job jurisdiction. Education is also a major factor influencing level of intelligence; this will depend on the level of education where highly educated individual is likely to have a high level of intelligence compared to one with low levels of education in general skills and problem-solving and abstract thin king. Another environmental factor affecting intelligence is nutrition, it has been largely converged that prolonged malnutrition during childhood has long-term effects on level of intelligence. Intelligence is also affected by the manipulation of existing normal conditions; eugenics is currently being practiced to improve the human species by improving human genes. This is mainly to correct congenital disorders and cognitive skills. There are also studies being conducted to try coming up with artificial intelligence through increasing IQs and also using machines. There major cognitive skills of interest are reasoning, knowledge, perception and reaction (Flinn, 2005) Ethical issues also affect human intelligence. In this work the ethical issues discussed are privacy, accuracy and accessibility. Human intelligence is likely to be compromised by wrong information availed to it leading to wrong conclusions or decisions. Lack of information or refrained access to vital information required later translates to lack of knowledge which limits the level of operation of the human intelligence. Human intelligence is surely a not so well understood phenomenon that still requires more research to give a clear insight and understanding of its complex nature. Simulation and improvement of the advanced theories will be key to any further development in these field

Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar

In contemporary social science, the concept of â€Å"value† has attained currency in such disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Political science etc. in these disciplines, value is considered as those essentials needed by members of a society. It is further seen as scarce resources pursued by competing groups. Value in political economy, basically refers to that portion that creates wealth or the so called reward for the â€Å"risk taker†, the entrepreneur.In other words, value refers to that unpaid labour of the worker which the capitalist pockets or recapitalizes. It should be noted that, the concept of value is an integral part of the labour process in general, capitalist commodity production, wear and tear of the working class and of course class antagonism. In essence, the concept of value (Absolute and Relative) cannot be understood without recourse to the mode of production that brings it about as well as the nature of social relations of production.Under capit alism, labour power becomes a commodity and like any commodity, it has its value and use value. The value of any commodity like labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. Therefore, surplus value is derived from surplus labour of a worker. The worker creates a value which the owner of the means of production appropriates without compensation. Marx’s Das Capital not only revealed the exploitation surrounding the extraction of surplus value, he as well revealed the degree and ratio of exploitation involving the labour power of the workers.In this direction, he maintained that that surplus value can be categorized into â€Å"Absolute and Relative†. With this, Marx gives an analogy of how the value of labour power is used in extending capital. A school master is a productive labour or his labour power becomes of value when he finds himself in a school factory, that he must ensure that teaching and non-teaching staffs become productive as to ensure not only the preservation of capital assets of the owner of the means of production but that they produce surplus value that exceeds the rate of hiring them.Beyond this, Marx situated the social relations of production in historical context which has continued to associate the worker and surplus value creation. From the foregoing, capitalist exploitation of the labour power of workers can be looked at from two angles: the first being the production of Absolute surplus value which becomes possible in the prolongation of the working day. In other words, to Marx, Absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in a given time.From one stand point, any distinction between Absolute and Relative surplus value appears illusory. Relative surplus value is Absolute since it compels the absolute prolongation of the working day beyond the labour time necessary to the existence of the labourer himself; While Absolute surplus va lue is relative since it makes necessary such a development of the productiveness of labour, as will allow of the necessary labour time being confined to a portion of the working day.The second way of increasing the degree of the exploitation of labour power through the relative surplus value which is derived by a reduction of the necessary labour time without any changes in the working day. For Marx, it is possible to reduce the labour time primarily by increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers. Consequently, both the Absolute and Relative surplus value are defined within the logic of the establishment of capitalism which perpetually subjects labour to capital.Again, Marx tries to highlight the differences between the Absolute and Relative surplus value, which he says is defined with the establishment of the capitalist mode of production; that is it is the prolongation of the working day beyond the point at which the labourer w ould have produced just an equivalent for the value of his labour power, and the appropriation of that surplus labour by capital. Although, as a special method of reducing relative surplus value, he continues capitalist industries get operated by by the army of workers themselves with the ultimate aim of ensuring the revolution of the entire capitalist production.It is with regard to the forgoing, that the author presupposes that when the above two conditions that creates surplus value for the capitalists are absent or when the labour spends all his labour time for the reproduction of himself, then the cycle of capital reproduction is obstructed and class division disappears. However, Marx goes on to say that the increasing complexity of the needs of society has correspondingly increased the absolute and relative surplus value extracted in the process of production.Regarding the origin of surplus value and labour power from its engagement, Marx is of the opinion that it was influenc ed under two conditions: The first being the subsistence of workers when man gathered natural wealth for subsistence. The second is market conditions when market production got underway, instruments of labour such as navigable rivers, wood, coal, metal etc became important in the capitalist production of goods and services. Inhering from the consequence of commercial production is the issue of climatic change which is caused the excessive demand for consumer goods.So, the lesser the natural wants of man; the greater the fertility of the soil and the suitable climatic conditions and ultimately, the less impoverished the labourer. From the foregoing, the capitalist mode of production, according to Marx, thrives on man’s assertiveness on the wealth of nature. The differentiation of the fertility of the soil and its components such as the changes of the seasons informs social division of labour in societies and by extension multiplied human wants, his capabilities, means of produ ction and surplus value. t therefore follows that human labour is the only source of new economic value since it is indispensable for the conservation and transfer economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). In other words, the ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value. Bourgeois economists such as David Ricardo did not see surplus value as the driving force behind the productiveness of labour rather as an essential part of labour production that determines surplus value.Again, this view of the Bourgeois scholars contrasts from that of the merchantilists which believe that surplus value originates from the aspect of exchange of the labour product above its original value. Another, bourgeois scholar with yet another perspective is John Stuart Mill who sees surplus value as inhering from the duration of the product of labour. In other words, Mill b elieved surplus value can still be made without the exchange value of commodities. But, in reality, surplus value can be derived from subtracting the total expenditure made in the process of production and exchange from the final price of the commodity.Surplus value is in fact the main goal and the driving force of capitalist production. It is also important to note that it is on the basis of the engagement of labour power that surplus value is extracted. Since capital needs a steady flow of labour power to preserve the capital assets and provide surplus value, it is where the mystery of capitalist exploitation lies, it becomes pertinent to examine the views of Karl Marx on the following Sub themes: CHANGES OF MAGNITUDE INTHE PRICE OF LABOUR POWER AND IN SURPLUS VALUE: Labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. In other words, in order to live and work, a worker has to have food, clothes, housing, etc , in order to meet his nee ds and fulfill his role as a member of society. Essentially, for Marx, there are three important factors that determine the value of labour power: i.The value of the necessaries required by the worker ii. The expenses involved in skills acquisition of the labourer iii. The value of the means of subsistence required to maintain the worker’s family. In addition, labour power has a specific use value which no other commodity possesses. For example, the use value of commodities such as bread, clothes, footwear, writing materials, etc is fully used up in the process of consumption while the use value of labour power has the capacity to produce more value than it has itself.This also constitutes the cradle of capitalist exploitation and appropriation of surplus value. It is based o the above premise that Marx underscores that the Relative magnitudes of surplus value and of price of labour power are determined by three circumstances: a. The length of the working day b. The normal in tensity of labour c. The productiveness of labour The above factors or circumstances could variously be combined. One of the three factors could be constant and the others variable or two constant and one variable or lastly all three simultaneously variable.The following analogy further explains the various combinations that determine the relative magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power: LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR VARIABLE : The above assumptions are determined by three laws: First, a working day of a given length always creates the same amount of value, irrespective of the productiveness of labour and with it the mass of the product and the price of each of the product may vary.What the capitalist would do in this circumstance in order to extract surplus value is to divide the working day into two parts: The first is the necessary labour time and the other is surplus labour time. The capitalist maximizes th e utility of the surplus labour time in which time the worker expends surplus labour and creates surplus value. Again, Marx added that the outcome of labour process varies with the productiveness of labour. Second, surplus value and the value of labour power vary in opposite directions.A variation in the productiveness of labour, its increase or decrease influence the variation in the opposite direction of the value of labour power and in the same direction in surplus value. In other words, the capitalists through the intensity of labour can reduce the value of labour power, while at the same time increase their extraction of surplus value. Further, the value of labour power cannot fall and consequently surplus value cannot rise without a rise in the productiveness of labour.For instance, a working day of seven hours created a value of #10,000 as a constant. The constant quantity is the sum of the surplus value plus the value of labour power; therefore, neither of them can increase without the other diminishing. It then follows that the value of the labour power cannot decrease from #10,000 to #8,000 unless an increase in the productiveness of labour makes it possible to produce in five hours the same quantity of necessaries as previously required in 7 hours to produce.On the other hand, the value of the labour power cannot rise from #10,000 to #12,000 without a decrease in the productiveness of labour, whereby 9 hours become sufficient to produce the same quantity of necessaries for the production of which 7 hours previously sufficed. Third, increase or diminution in surplus value depends on the corresponding diminution or increase in the value of labour power. Every change of magnitude in surplus value arises from an inverse change of magnitude in the value of labour power.According to this third law, a change in the magnitude of surplus value presupposes a movement in the value of labour power, which movement is brought about by a variation in the productiv eness of labour. WORKING DAY CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR CONSTANT. INTENSITY OF LABOUR VARIABLE : In this case, increased intensity of labour in a constant working day of 7 hours will amount to more products than one of less intense labour. Productiveness of labour will also result in more products in a given day of 7 hours.Evidently, the mass of surplus value can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. In addition, the reduction of the value of the workers means of subsistence and consequently the value of labour power or a reduction of the necessary labour time and increase in the surplus labour time can generate surplus value in the process of capitalist production. Again, technology increases surplus value at the expense of labour power.In fact, capitalism as a social system puts all the achievements of the technical progress at the service of non-working, parasitic classes and dooms the wo rking class to poverty and rightlessness. Machines serve to intensify the exploitation of labour and wear out the human organism at a faster pace. When the value created by a day’s labour increases from #8,000 to #10,000, then the two parts into which this value is divided, ie price of labour power and surplus value may both increase simultaneously, equally or unequally.Here, the rise in the price of labour power does not necessarily imply that the price has risen above the value of labour power. On the contrary, the rise in price may be accompanied by a fall in value. This occurs whenever the rise in the price of labour power does not compensate for its increased wear and tear. PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY VARIABLE: The length of the working day creates a greater or less amount of value. In addition, every change between the magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power arises from a change in the absolute magnitudes of the surplus labour.Furthermore, the absolute value of labour can change only in consequence of the reaction exercised by the prolongation of surplus labour upon the wear and tear of labour power. From the foregoing, one can conclude that: A shortening of the working day under the conditions leaving the value of labour power and its necessary labour time unaltered; it then reduces the surplus labour and surplus value. A change in the productiveness and intensity of labour either precedes or immediately follows a shortening of the working day.Second, if the working day be lengthened say 2 hours and the price of labour power remain altered; the surplus value increases both absolutely and relatively. In other words, the change of relative magnitude in the value of labour power is the result of the change of absolute magnitude in surplus value. The point to be emphasized here is that the wear and tear of workers is not adequately compensated in Nigeria. SIMULTANEUOS VARIATIONS IN THE DURATION, PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR The ifferent variations are capable of counteracting one another, either wholly or in part. In speaking of diminishing productiveness of labour, it is in relation with those industries whose products takes care of the subsistence of the worker such as the fertility of the soil and the consequent dearness of its products like food, shelter, clothes, etc. In the latter case, should there be no change in the working day, the capitalists will experience a fall in surplus value because the price of the labour power required for production would have increased.Therefore, with diminishing productiveness of labour and a simultaneous lengthening of the working day, the absolute magnitude of surplus value may continue unaltered, at the same time that its relative magnitude diminishes; its relative magnitude may continue unchanged at the same time that its absolute magnitude increases; both the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude may incre ase in so far as the duration of the working day is sufficient. On the other hand, the increasing productiveness of labour with a simultaneous shortening of the necessary labour time results in the relative surplus value.When the productiveness of labour is as a result of increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers and their families, it serves to reduce the value of labour power and subsequently produces absolute and relative surplus value when the necessary labour time is reduced at the expense of the surplus labour time. However, the more the productiveness of labour increases, the more can the working day be shortened; and the more the working day is shortened , the more can the productiveness of labour increase.VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE: The rate of surplus value in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplus value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital expended to produce: a Surplus value S = Surplus value = Surplus labour Variable capital V Value of labour power Necessary labour b. Surplus labour =Surplus value =Surplus product Working day Value of the Product Total ProductHere, the intensity and productiveness of labour embodied in a working day depicts the degree of exploitation of labour. The formula for the mass of surplus value (S) is = S’x V, where S is the rate of surplus value and V is the variable capital advanced for the remuneration of all the workers. Evidently, the mass of surplus can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. Conclusion:

The Personal Attack: The Logical Fallacy of Argumentum

The term â€Å"ad hominem† is a Latin phrase that translates to â€Å"against the man† (â€Å"Ad hominem†).   It is one of several logical fallacies that may appear (intentionally or otherwise) in the rhetorical mode of writing or speaking known as Argument.   The use of the ad hominem indicates that an argument (or counter-argument) is focusing not on the issue or cause, but on the issue’s presenter, and it generally takes the form of a personal attack of the presenter’s character (â€Å"Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies†). The soundest ad hominem attacks are made up of two steps.   The first step is to discredit the speaker/presenter/sponsor, and the second step is to imply that because the speaker/presenter/sponsor is a â€Å"bad† person, the issue or cause must be bad as well (â€Å"Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies†). For example, prior to the last local election, I attended a debate between two city council candidates regarding a public school bond measure.   Having read about the issue, I was aware that the facts proved the bond’s cost would far outweigh the anticipated minimal benefits—benefits that had not been shown to occur in similar communities.   I had seen no evidence to support any logical argument to encourage citizen’s to support the bond issue, so I was not surprised when one candidate turned the factual debate into a personal attack of his opponent. The argument: that his opponent had no school-aged children and because of this, his opponent has no vested interest in the success or failure of the community’s public school system. Obviously the candidate who was attacking his opponent (via the ad hominem) hoped that people would equate his opponent’s lacking school-aged children with an inability to assess a public school bond issue properly. The logical counter to this fallacious argument would be to return the focus to the facts: if  passed, would the school bond result in improvements or would it not?   If passed, would the  costs of the school bond be worth the benefits or not?   I would quickly point out that whether or  not one has children has no bearing on one’s ability to assess the fiscal impact of a set of facts,  and I would add to that, that if this were a logical supposition, that only those who had children  should be allowed to vote on the bond issue as obviously only those with children have  the capacity to make a sound decision in this area. References Ad hominem.   (2000).   In The American heritage dictionary of the English language (4th ed.).   Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Introduction to ad hominem fallacies.   (n.d.).   Mission Critical.   Retrieved October 17, 2006, from http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/adhom/adhom.html

Analysis Of Julius Caesar s The Tale Without Felling A...

â€Å"VENI VIDI VICI,† or, â€Å"I CAME, I SAW, I CONQUERED.† These are probably some of the most ludicrous yet impressive words that can be articulated from the tongue. It is reassuring to note that undoubtedly these were the exact words uttered by Julius Caesar, for they seem to sum him up perfectly. Not only was he successful in conquering the ancient world, but his name resonated through the medieval and modern worlds also, and has not failed to fascinate the one present today. Very few people can read his tale without felling a sense of reverence for the man’s â€Å"brilliance, undeterred will, and extensive achievements concluded with one of the utmost dramatic tragedies of all time† (Grant 5). There are numerous reasons why Caesar’s life, along with the lives of other notable figures of world history, deserves continual study, but what sets him apart from the other great leaders is Caesar’s versatility for he was the most â€Å"outsta ndingly capable over the most extensive of range† (Grant 7). He was a man not just good at his activates, but exceptional at every single one of them including governing, commanding troops, and public specking. His bold solutions to problems of economic debt, the calendar, unemployment and mercy towards Roman rebels have all become legendary. No wonder why his myth and legacy has inspired, in some way or form, every sequential age from him marking the beginning of a new chapter in Roman history in his time, to influencing writing in Shakespeare’s time, and